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In this paper, an electromagnetic-field FDTD method coupled with plasma fluid model is put forward to investigate the different physical phenomena of high power microwave (HPM) flashover and breakdown on inner and outer surface of output-window. Based on the above theoretical models, a one-dimensional (1D) electromagnetic field and plasma interaction code is programmed by authors. By using the code, the HPM flashover and breakdown on inner and outer surface of output-window are simulated. The numerical results could be concluded as follows. For flashover and breakdown on outer surface, output microwave pulse is shortened without cut-off; there is a standing-wave distribution of electric field RMS (Root-Mean-Square) value before the window with fixed-positions of wave nodes and antinodes; there is a ultra-high-density (～1021 m-3) and ultra-thin (～mm) plasma shell with slow diffusion, microwave could penetrate the plasma-shell partly; the shortening of output microwave is caused by plasma absorption mostly. The output pulse of microwave could be lengthened by reducing the initial density or depth of plasmas; the other way is to shorten incident microwave pulse or reduce the value of incident microwave power. For flashover and breakdown on inner surface, there is also a standing-wave distribution of electric field RMS value before the window but the positions of wave nodes and antinodes vary with time; the plasma region moves toward the microwave source; with strong-outgassing, output microwave pulse is shortened without cut-off, there are “thread-like” ultra-high-density (～ 1021 m-3) and ultra-thin (～mm) plasma regions with slow diffusion, the distance between two “thread-like” regions is about a quarter of microwave wavelength, the shortening of output microwave is caused by plasma absorption mostly; with weak-outgassing and low electric field value, the output pulse of microwave is lengthened but cut-off finally, there are “belt-like” high-density (～ 1018 m-3) and thin (mm-cm) plasma regions with fast diffusion, the distance between two “belt-like” region is about a quarter of microwave wavelength, the shortening of output microwave is caused by plasma absorption mostly; with weak-outgassing and high electric field value, output pulse of microwave is cut-off quickly, “block-like” diffuse ultra-high-density (～1021 m-3) and deep (～ cm) plasma regions are formed with very fast diffusion, and the shortening of output microwave is caused by plasma reflection mostly.
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Keywords:
- high power microwave output-window /
- flashover and breakdown /
- electromagnetic-field finite difference in time domain method /
- plasma fluid model
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[9] Hao X W, Song B P, Zhang G J, Qiu S, Huang W H, Qin F, Jin X 2012 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 24 16(in Chinese)[郝西伟, 宋佰鹏, 张冠军, 秋实, 黄文华, 秦风, 金晓 2012 强激光与粒子束 24 16]
[10] Zhang H B, Yang J H, Cheng G X, Li G L, Shu T 2013 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25 1189(in Chinese)[张慧博, 杨建华, 程国新, 李国林, 舒挺 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 1189]
[11] Zhao P C, Liao C, Yang D, Zhong X M, Lin W B 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 055101(in Chinese)[赵朋程, 廖成, 杨丹, 钟选明, 林文斌 2013 62 055101]
[12] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Zhou Q H, Yang W Y, Zhou H J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 027901(in Chinese)[董烨, 董志伟, 周前红, 杨温渊, 周海京 2014 63 027901]
[13] Nam S K, Verboncoeur J P 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 231502
[14] Nam S K, Verboncoeur J P 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 151504
[15] Zhou Q H, Dong Z W, Chen J Y 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 125202(in Chinese)[周前红, 董志伟, 陈京元 2011 60 125202]
[16] Hidaka Y, Choi E M, Mastovsky I, Shapiro M, Sirigiri J, Temkin R 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 035003
[17] Taflove A, Hagness S 2005 Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (3rd Ed.) (Norwood: Artech House) pp51-105
[18] Ali A W 1988 Laser and Particle Beams. 6 105
[19] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Zhou Q H, Yang W Y, Zhou H J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 067901(in Chinese)[董烨, 董志伟, 周前红, 杨温渊, 周海京 2014 63 067901]
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[1] Barker R J, Schamiloglu E 2001 High-Power Microwaves Sources and Technologies (New Jersey: IEEE Press) pp325-375
[2] Neuber A A, Edmiston G F, Krile J T, Krompholz H, Dickens J C, Kristiansen M 2007 IEEE Trans. Magn. 43 496
[3] Stephens J, Beeson S, Dickens A, Neuber A 2012 Phys. Plasmas 19 112111
[4] Ford P J, Beeson S R, Krompholz H G, Neuber A A 2012 Phys. Plasmas 19 073503
[5] Kim H C, Verboncoeur J P 2005 Phys. Plasmas 12 123504
[6] Kim H C, Verboncoeur J P 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 123506
[7] Chang C, Liu G, Tang C, Chen C, Fang J 2011 Phys. Plasmas 18 055702
[8] Cai L B, Wang J G 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 3268(in Chinese)[蔡利兵, 王建国 2009 58 3268]
[9] Hao X W, Song B P, Zhang G J, Qiu S, Huang W H, Qin F, Jin X 2012 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 24 16(in Chinese)[郝西伟, 宋佰鹏, 张冠军, 秋实, 黄文华, 秦风, 金晓 2012 强激光与粒子束 24 16]
[10] Zhang H B, Yang J H, Cheng G X, Li G L, Shu T 2013 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25 1189(in Chinese)[张慧博, 杨建华, 程国新, 李国林, 舒挺 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 1189]
[11] Zhao P C, Liao C, Yang D, Zhong X M, Lin W B 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 055101(in Chinese)[赵朋程, 廖成, 杨丹, 钟选明, 林文斌 2013 62 055101]
[12] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Zhou Q H, Yang W Y, Zhou H J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 027901(in Chinese)[董烨, 董志伟, 周前红, 杨温渊, 周海京 2014 63 027901]
[13] Nam S K, Verboncoeur J P 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 231502
[14] Nam S K, Verboncoeur J P 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 151504
[15] Zhou Q H, Dong Z W, Chen J Y 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 125202(in Chinese)[周前红, 董志伟, 陈京元 2011 60 125202]
[16] Hidaka Y, Choi E M, Mastovsky I, Shapiro M, Sirigiri J, Temkin R 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 035003
[17] Taflove A, Hagness S 2005 Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (3rd Ed.) (Norwood: Artech House) pp51-105
[18] Ali A W 1988 Laser and Particle Beams. 6 105
[19] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Zhou Q H, Yang W Y, Zhou H J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 067901(in Chinese)[董烨, 董志伟, 周前红, 杨温渊, 周海京 2014 63 067901]
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