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The defects in HMX, induced by thermal expansion, phase transition and chemical decomposition, have large effects on the performance of HMX. In this work, the defects of HMX samples under heat treatment are characterized by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy. A large number of pores with an average size of 10 nm are found during the - phase transition of HMX (180℃), and the pores increase in size and decrease in number with time increasing. A new population of small pores with sizes of 58 nm are produced in HMX during the thermal decompositions (190℃ and 200℃). The size and the number of the small pores increase with temperature increasing.
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Keywords:
- SAXS /
- HMX /
- thermal insult /
- pores
[1] Henson B F, Smilowitz L, Asay B W, Dickson P M 2002 J. Chem. Phys. 117 3780
[2] [3] Levitas V I, Henson B F, Smilowitz L 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 235702
[4] [5] Berghout H L, Son S F, Skidmore C B 2002 Thermo-Chimica Acta. 384 261
[6] Hsu P, Souers P C, Chidester S 2007 Propell. Explos. Pyrot. 32 509
[7] [8] Heijden A E D M, Bouma R H B 2004 Cryst. Growth. Des. 4 999
[9] [10] Xu R, Kang B, Huang H, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Xia Y, Nie F. 2010 Chin J. Energ. Mater. 5 518 (in Chinese) [徐瑞娟, 康彬, 黄辉, 陈娅, 姜燕, 夏云霞, 聂福德 2010 含能材料 5 518]
[11] [12] Borne L, Beaucamp A 2005 Meas. Sci. Technol. 16 925
[13] [14] Chen B, Dong H S, Dong B Z 2003 Chin J. At. Mol. Phys. 20 191 (in Chinese) [陈波, 董海山, 董宝中 2003 原子分子 20 191]
[15] [16] Xia Q Z, Chen B, Zeng G Y 2005 Acta. Phys. Sin. 54 7 (in Chinese) [夏庆中, 陈波, 曾贵玉 2005 54 7]
[17] [18] Mang J T, Hjelm R P, Elizabeth, Francois G. 2010 Propell. Explos. Pyrot. 35 7
[19] [20] Willey T M, Hoffman D M, Buuren T V, Lauderbach L 2009 Propell. Explos. Pyrot. 34 406
[21] [22] Stoltz C A, Mason B P, Hoope J 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 107 103527
[23] [24] [25] Peterson P D, Mang J T, Asay B W 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 97 093507
[26] [27] Huang C Q, Xia Q Z, Yan G Y, Sun G A, Chen B 2010 Nucl. Sci. Tech. 21 325
[28] [29] Rong L X 2003 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese) [荣利霞 2003 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院高能物理研究所)]
[30] [31] Glatter O, Kratky O 1982 Small Angle X-ray Scattering (New York: Academic Press) p13
[32] Mang J T, Skidmore C B, Hjelm R P 2000 J. Mater. Res. 15 1199
[33] [34] Saw C K 2002 Proceedings of 12th International Detonation Symposium, San Diego, August 11-16, 2002 UCRL-JC-145228
[35] [36] Xue C, Sun J, Kang B 2010 Propell. Explos. Pyrot. 35 333
[37] [38] Weese R K, Burnham A K 2005 Propell. Explos. Pyrote. 30 344
[39] [40] [41] Sullenger D, Cantrell J, Beiter T 1994 Powder Diffraction 9 2
[42] [43] Glascoe E A, Hsu P C, Springer H K, DeHaven M R, Tan N, Turner H C 2010 Thermochimica Acta 515 58
[44] [45] Weeks B L, Ruddle C M, Zaug J M 2002 Ultramicroscopy 93 19
[46] Behrens R, Bulusu S 1995 Fall Meeting of the Materials Research Society, Boston, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1995 CONF-951155-14
[47] [48] [49] Sharia O, Kuklja M M 2010 J. Phys. Chem. A 114 12656
[50] Mang J T, Skidmore C B, Son S F, Rieker T P 2002 Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, New York, 2001 833
[51] [52] [53] Skidmore C B, Phillips D S, Howe P M 2000 Proceedings 7th International Detonation Symposium, Snowmass Village, 1998 556
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[1] Henson B F, Smilowitz L, Asay B W, Dickson P M 2002 J. Chem. Phys. 117 3780
[2] [3] Levitas V I, Henson B F, Smilowitz L 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 235702
[4] [5] Berghout H L, Son S F, Skidmore C B 2002 Thermo-Chimica Acta. 384 261
[6] Hsu P, Souers P C, Chidester S 2007 Propell. Explos. Pyrot. 32 509
[7] [8] Heijden A E D M, Bouma R H B 2004 Cryst. Growth. Des. 4 999
[9] [10] Xu R, Kang B, Huang H, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Xia Y, Nie F. 2010 Chin J. Energ. Mater. 5 518 (in Chinese) [徐瑞娟, 康彬, 黄辉, 陈娅, 姜燕, 夏云霞, 聂福德 2010 含能材料 5 518]
[11] [12] Borne L, Beaucamp A 2005 Meas. Sci. Technol. 16 925
[13] [14] Chen B, Dong H S, Dong B Z 2003 Chin J. At. Mol. Phys. 20 191 (in Chinese) [陈波, 董海山, 董宝中 2003 原子分子 20 191]
[15] [16] Xia Q Z, Chen B, Zeng G Y 2005 Acta. Phys. Sin. 54 7 (in Chinese) [夏庆中, 陈波, 曾贵玉 2005 54 7]
[17] [18] Mang J T, Hjelm R P, Elizabeth, Francois G. 2010 Propell. Explos. Pyrot. 35 7
[19] [20] Willey T M, Hoffman D M, Buuren T V, Lauderbach L 2009 Propell. Explos. Pyrot. 34 406
[21] [22] Stoltz C A, Mason B P, Hoope J 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 107 103527
[23] [24] [25] Peterson P D, Mang J T, Asay B W 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 97 093507
[26] [27] Huang C Q, Xia Q Z, Yan G Y, Sun G A, Chen B 2010 Nucl. Sci. Tech. 21 325
[28] [29] Rong L X 2003 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese) [荣利霞 2003 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院高能物理研究所)]
[30] [31] Glatter O, Kratky O 1982 Small Angle X-ray Scattering (New York: Academic Press) p13
[32] Mang J T, Skidmore C B, Hjelm R P 2000 J. Mater. Res. 15 1199
[33] [34] Saw C K 2002 Proceedings of 12th International Detonation Symposium, San Diego, August 11-16, 2002 UCRL-JC-145228
[35] [36] Xue C, Sun J, Kang B 2010 Propell. Explos. Pyrot. 35 333
[37] [38] Weese R K, Burnham A K 2005 Propell. Explos. Pyrote. 30 344
[39] [40] [41] Sullenger D, Cantrell J, Beiter T 1994 Powder Diffraction 9 2
[42] [43] Glascoe E A, Hsu P C, Springer H K, DeHaven M R, Tan N, Turner H C 2010 Thermochimica Acta 515 58
[44] [45] Weeks B L, Ruddle C M, Zaug J M 2002 Ultramicroscopy 93 19
[46] Behrens R, Bulusu S 1995 Fall Meeting of the Materials Research Society, Boston, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1995 CONF-951155-14
[47] [48] [49] Sharia O, Kuklja M M 2010 J. Phys. Chem. A 114 12656
[50] Mang J T, Skidmore C B, Son S F, Rieker T P 2002 Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, New York, 2001 833
[51] [52] [53] Skidmore C B, Phillips D S, Howe P M 2000 Proceedings 7th International Detonation Symposium, Snowmass Village, 1998 556
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