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The entropy production is expressed as the product of the generalized force (driving force) and generalized flux, which plays a central role in classical non-equilibrium thermodynamics. This expression has shortcomings in two aspects: first, the decomposition into generalized fluxes and forces is arbitrary to some extent; more importantly, the entropy production is negative value calculated in heat wave propagation, which breaks the second law. In this paper, we carry out analyses based on the thermomass theory and show that the entropy production is induced by the dissipation of thermomass energy during heat condution. The generalized force of entropy production is not driving force but resistive force, having a unit of force in Newton’s mechanics. The modified expression for entropy production not only guarantees its positiveness in propagation of heat waves consistent with the extended irreversible thermodynamics, but also avoids the arbitrariness of decomposition.
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Keywords:
- non-equilibrium thermodynamics /
- entropy production /
- thermomass theory /
- extended irreversible thermodynamics
[1] Kreuzer H J 1981 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and Its Statistical Foundations (New York: Oxford University Press)
[2] Jou D, Casas-Vazquez J, Lebon G 2010 Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics (4th Ed) (New York: Springer)
[3] Groot S R, Mazur P 1984 Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (New York: Dover Publications)
[4] Zeng D L 1991 Engineering Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (Beijing: Science Press) (in Chinese) [曾丹苓 1991 工程非平衡热动力学 (北京: 科学出版社)]
[5] Grandy Jr W T 2008 Entropy and the Time Evolution of Macroscopic Systems (New York: Oxford University Press)
[6] Onsager L 1931 Phys. Rev. 37 405
[7] Casimir H B G 1945 Rev. Mod. Phys. 17 343
[8] Glansdorf P, Prigogine I 1971 Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations (New York: Wiley)
[9] Lebon G, Casas-Vazquez J, Jou D 2008 Understanding Non- Equilibrium Thermodynamics: Foundations, Applications, Frontiers (Berlin: Springer-Verlag)
[10] Stritzker B, Pospieszczyk A, Tagle J A 1981 Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 356
[11] Torii S, Yang W J 2005 Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 48 537
[12] Guo Z Y, Xu Y S 1995 J. Electron. Packaging 117 174
[13] Cattaneo C 1948 Atti. Sem. Mat. Fis. Univ. Modena 3 83
[14] Vernotte P 1958 C. R. Acad. Sci 246 3154
[15] Morse P M, Feshbach H 1953 Methods of Theoretical Physics (New York: McGraw-Hill)
[16] Tzou D Y 1989 J. Heat Trans. 111 232
[17] Tzou D Y 1992 Thermal shock phenomena under high-rate response in solids in: Tien C L (Ed) Annual Review of Heat Transfer IV (Whashington DC: Hemisphere) Chapter 3 pp 111–185
[18] Tzou D Y 1997 Macro- to Microscale Heat Transfer: The Lagging Behavior (Whashington DC: Taylor & Francis)
[19] Criado-Sancho M, Llebot J E 1993 Phys. Rev. E 47 4104
[20] Al-Nimr M A, Naji M, Arbaci V S 2000 J. Heat Trans. 122 217
[21] Jou D, Casas-Vazquez J, Lebon G 1999 Rep. Pro. Phys. 62 1035
[22] Müller I 1985 Thermodynamics (London: Pitman)
[23] Sieniutycz S, Salamon P 1992 Extended Thermodynamic System (New York: Taylor and Francis)
[24] Barletta A, Zanchini E 1997 Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 40 1007
[25] Jou D, Casas-Vazquez J, Lebon G 2008 Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences 57 118
[26] Cao B Y, Guo Z Y 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 102 53503
[27] Guo Z Y, Hou Q W 2010 ASME J. Heat Trans. 132 072403
[28] Wang H D, Cao B Y, Guo Z Y 2010 Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 53 1796
[29] Song B,Wu J, Guo Z Y 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 7129 (in Chinese) [宋柏,吴晶,过增元 2010 59 7129]
[30] Guo Z Y, Cao B Y 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 4273 (in Chinese) [过增元,曹炳阳 2008 57 4273]
[31] Hou Q W, Cao B Y, Guo Z Y 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 7809 (in Chinese) [侯泉文,曹炳阳,过增元 2009 58 7809]
[32] Guo Z Y, Cao B Y, Zhu H Y, Zhang Q G 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 3306 (in Chinese) [过增元,曹炳阳,朱宏晔,张清光 2007 56 3306]
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[1] Kreuzer H J 1981 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and Its Statistical Foundations (New York: Oxford University Press)
[2] Jou D, Casas-Vazquez J, Lebon G 2010 Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics (4th Ed) (New York: Springer)
[3] Groot S R, Mazur P 1984 Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (New York: Dover Publications)
[4] Zeng D L 1991 Engineering Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (Beijing: Science Press) (in Chinese) [曾丹苓 1991 工程非平衡热动力学 (北京: 科学出版社)]
[5] Grandy Jr W T 2008 Entropy and the Time Evolution of Macroscopic Systems (New York: Oxford University Press)
[6] Onsager L 1931 Phys. Rev. 37 405
[7] Casimir H B G 1945 Rev. Mod. Phys. 17 343
[8] Glansdorf P, Prigogine I 1971 Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations (New York: Wiley)
[9] Lebon G, Casas-Vazquez J, Jou D 2008 Understanding Non- Equilibrium Thermodynamics: Foundations, Applications, Frontiers (Berlin: Springer-Verlag)
[10] Stritzker B, Pospieszczyk A, Tagle J A 1981 Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 356
[11] Torii S, Yang W J 2005 Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 48 537
[12] Guo Z Y, Xu Y S 1995 J. Electron. Packaging 117 174
[13] Cattaneo C 1948 Atti. Sem. Mat. Fis. Univ. Modena 3 83
[14] Vernotte P 1958 C. R. Acad. Sci 246 3154
[15] Morse P M, Feshbach H 1953 Methods of Theoretical Physics (New York: McGraw-Hill)
[16] Tzou D Y 1989 J. Heat Trans. 111 232
[17] Tzou D Y 1992 Thermal shock phenomena under high-rate response in solids in: Tien C L (Ed) Annual Review of Heat Transfer IV (Whashington DC: Hemisphere) Chapter 3 pp 111–185
[18] Tzou D Y 1997 Macro- to Microscale Heat Transfer: The Lagging Behavior (Whashington DC: Taylor & Francis)
[19] Criado-Sancho M, Llebot J E 1993 Phys. Rev. E 47 4104
[20] Al-Nimr M A, Naji M, Arbaci V S 2000 J. Heat Trans. 122 217
[21] Jou D, Casas-Vazquez J, Lebon G 1999 Rep. Pro. Phys. 62 1035
[22] Müller I 1985 Thermodynamics (London: Pitman)
[23] Sieniutycz S, Salamon P 1992 Extended Thermodynamic System (New York: Taylor and Francis)
[24] Barletta A, Zanchini E 1997 Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 40 1007
[25] Jou D, Casas-Vazquez J, Lebon G 2008 Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences 57 118
[26] Cao B Y, Guo Z Y 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 102 53503
[27] Guo Z Y, Hou Q W 2010 ASME J. Heat Trans. 132 072403
[28] Wang H D, Cao B Y, Guo Z Y 2010 Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 53 1796
[29] Song B,Wu J, Guo Z Y 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 7129 (in Chinese) [宋柏,吴晶,过增元 2010 59 7129]
[30] Guo Z Y, Cao B Y 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 4273 (in Chinese) [过增元,曹炳阳 2008 57 4273]
[31] Hou Q W, Cao B Y, Guo Z Y 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 7809 (in Chinese) [侯泉文,曹炳阳,过增元 2009 58 7809]
[32] Guo Z Y, Cao B Y, Zhu H Y, Zhang Q G 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 3306 (in Chinese) [过增元,曹炳阳,朱宏晔,张清光 2007 56 3306]
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