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随着全球对可再生能源需求的持续增长, 雨水资源的开发利用逐渐成为研究热点. 压电俘能技术因其结构简单、能量转换效率高且无需外部电源等优势而备受关注. 然而传统压电俘能器受限于单一谐振频率, 难以适应复杂多变的环境激励. 本研究设计了多种用于雨水能量收集的宽频压电悬臂梁俘能器, 通过理论分析和数值模拟, 对压电悬臂梁的结构参数进行优化. COMSOL仿真和实验结果表明, U形压电俘能器在拓宽谐振频率范围和延长振荡时间方面显著优于其余俘能器结构设计, 可以实现单次冲击下23.7 s的振荡时间、2.82 μC的电荷俘获及37.76 W/m2的输出功率密度, 展现了其在宽谐振范围下的高效能量俘获能力. 此外, U形设计还可以实现结构防水, 增强了其在雨水环境中的适用性. 本研究为雨水能量收集提供了具有普适性的新方法, 拓展了压电能量俘获技术的应用场景, 为宽频能量收集器的设计及应用提供了理论参考和实践指导.With the continuous growth of global demand for renewable energy, the utilization of rainwater resources has gradually become a focal point of research. Piezoelectric energy harvesting has received significant attention because the harvester has simple structure, high energy conversion efficiency, and self-powering capability. However, traditional piezoelectric energy harvesters are limited by the narrow resonance frequency bandwidth and the insufficient waterproofing ability, which restricts the adaptability of energy conversion to variable environmental excitations. To solve this problem, a broadband piezoelectric cantilever energy harvester for rainwater energy harvesting is designed in this work. The influence mechanisms of droplet impact parameters, waterproof encapsulation technology, and MFC cantilever structure on the electrical output performance are studied through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental validation. It reveals that the droplet’s Weber number exhibits a direct proportionality with the impact force, which is distributed within the 0–80 Hz frequency range. Simulations and experimental results demonstrate that the U-shaped piezoelectric energy harvester significantly outperforms other designs in terms of broadening the resonant frequency range and extending oscillation duration, achieving an oscillation time of 23.7 s, a charge transfer of 2.82 μC, and an output power density of 37.76 W/m2 under a single impact. It demonstrates its efficient energy harvesting capability in a wide resonance frequency range. Additionally, the U-shaped design also improves its waterproof performance, thus further enhancing its applicability in rainwater environments. This study provides a novel, universally applicable approach for collecting rainwater energy, expands the application scenarios of piezoelectric energy harvesting technology, and provides theoretical references and practical guidance for designing and applying broadband energy harvesters.
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Keywords:
- finite element model /
- rainwater energy harvesting /
- piezoelectric energy harvester /
- structure design
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图 1 悬臂梁结构模型 (a) 压电悬臂梁; (b) 封装压电悬臂梁; (c) U形压电悬臂梁
Fig. 1. Cantilever beam structure models: (a) Piezoelectric cantilever beam; (b) piezoelectric cantilever beam with a waterproof layer; (c) U-shaped piezoelectric cantilever beam.
图 2 (a) 压电俘能器模型示意图及实物图; (b) MFC结构示意图
Fig. 2. (a) Schematic and photo of the energy harvester; (b) schematic of MFC.
图 3 (a) 不同水滴直径和(b) 不同冲击速度的冲击力曲线
Fig. 3. Impact force curves under different (a) droplet diameters and (b) impact velocities.
图 5 悬臂梁结构扫频 (a) 悬臂梁基板材料; (b)悬臂梁长度
Fig. 5. Frequency sweep of cantilever beam structure: (a) Substrate materials; (b) cantilever lengths.
图 6 不同封装层厚度电压输出 (a)频域结果; (b)时域结果
Fig. 6. Encapsulation layer thickness: (a) Frequency-domain; (b) time-domain.
图 7 S3结构不同附加悬臂梁长度频域分布图
Fig. 7. Frequency-domain of U-shaped cantilever beam with additional beams.
图 9 不同水滴冲击速度下压电悬臂梁开路电压
Fig. 9. Voltage of piezoelectric cantilever beams under different impact velocities.
图 10 不同封装厚度 (a)负载电压; (b) 负载功率
Fig. 10. Under encapsulation thicknesses: (a) Load voltage; (b) load power.
图 11 不同上梁长度比较 (a)开路电压; (b)短路电流; (c)转移电荷量; (d)负载电压和功率
Fig. 11. Comparisons of upper beam lengths: (a) Open-circuit voltage; (b) short-circuit current; (c) transferred charge; (d) load voltage and power.
表 1 水滴能量收集装置性能数据
Table 1. Performance of the droplet energy harvesting devices from studies.
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[1] Zheng Y, Liu T, Wu J P, Xu T T, Wang X D, Han X, Cui H Z, Xu X F, Pan C F, Li X Y 2022 Adv. Mater. 34 2202238
Google Scholar
[2] Sezer N, Koç M 2021 Nano Energy 80 105567
Google Scholar
[3] Ilyas M A, Swingler J 2015 Energy 90 796
Google Scholar
[4] Wong V K, Ho J H, Chai A B 2017 Energy 124 364
Google Scholar
[5] Kumar B, Upadhyay G, Bhardwaj R 2023 Langmuir 39 18768
Google Scholar
[6] Guigon R, Chaillout J J, Jager T, Despesse G 2008 Smart Mater. Struct. 17 015038
Google Scholar
[7] Kim J H, Rothstein J P, Shang J K 2018 Phys. Fluids 30 072102
Google Scholar
[8] Yao M H, Liu P F, Ma L, Wang H B, Zhang W 2020 Acta Mech. Sin. 36 557
Google Scholar
[9] 陈南南 2020 硕士学位论文 (淮南: 安徽理工大学)
Chen N N 2020 M. S. Thesis (Huainan: Anhui University of Technology
[10] Huang X H, Zhang C, Dai K R 2021 Micromachines 12 203
Google Scholar
[11] Wang J, Fan B, Fang J W, Zhao J C, Li C 2022 Energy Rep. 8 11638
Google Scholar
[12] Wang L, Lu D J, Jiang Z D, Jia C, Wu Y M, Zhou X Y, Zhao L B, Zhao Y L 2018 AIP Adv. 8 115205
Google Scholar
[13] Upadrashta D, Yang Y 2015 Smart Mater. Struct. 24 045042
Google Scholar
[14] Cao D X, Zhan C H, Guo X Y, Yao M H 2024 J. Vib. Eng. Technol. 12 5073
Google Scholar
[15] 孙帅令, 冷永刚, 张雨阳, 苏徐昆, 范胜波 2020 69 140502
Google Scholar
Sun S L, Leng Y G, Zhang Y Y, Su X K, Fan S B 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 140502
Google Scholar
[16] 高裕昆, 赵洁, 周晶晶, 周静 2025 74 057701
Google Scholar
Gao Y K, Zhao J, Zhou J J, Zhou J 2025 Acta Phys. Sin. 74 057701
Google Scholar
[17] Zhou J J, Zhou J, Yu Y, Shen J, Zhang P C, Chen W 2023 Ceram. Int. 49 32528
Google Scholar
[18] Zhou J J, Zhou J, Chen W, Tian J, Shen J, Zhang P C 2022 Compos. Struct. 299 116019
Google Scholar
[19] Zhang B, Sanjay V, Shi S L, Zhao Y G, Lv C J, Feng X Q, Lohse D 2022 Phys. Rev. Lett. 129 104501
Google Scholar
[20] Li X J, Zhang L Q, Feng Y G, Zhang Y L, Xu H Z, Zhou F, Wang D A 2023 ACS Nano 17 23977
Google Scholar
[21] Doria A, Fanti G, Filipi G, Moro F 2019 Sensors 19 3653
Google Scholar
[22] Hao G N, Dong X W, Li Z L 2021 Energy 232 121071
Google Scholar
[23] Xu W H, Zheng H X, Liu Y, Zhou X F, Zhang C, Song Y X, Deng X, Leung M, Yang Z B, Xu R X, Wang Z L, Zeng X C, Wang Z K 2020 Nature 578 392
Google Scholar
[24] Xu X T, Wang Y L, Li P Y, Xu W H, Wei L, Wang Z K, Yang Z B 2021 Nano Energy 90 106573
Google Scholar
[25] Wang H C, Feng M, Wang W P, Wang W Q, Meng J, Liu Y P, Wang Q, Wang D A 2024 J. Mater. Chem. A 12 4727
Google Scholar
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