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极低温、高压强、强磁场等极端条件是发现和调控新奇物态的重要途径. 为了能在极端条件下实现灵敏的物性测量, 需要发展先进的传感探测方案. 基于金刚石氮空位中心的自旋量子传感可实现磁学、电学、力学、热学等物理参数的灵敏测量, 而且拥有微纳尺度的空间分辨率和极其宽泛的工作区间, 有望成为极端条件下灵敏物性测量的重要工具. 本文主要介绍低温、高温、零场、强磁场以及高压强等极端条件下金刚石氮空位中心的光学性质和自旋相干性质, 探讨极端条件下金刚石自旋量子传感所面临的机遇和挑战. 本文也包含自旋量子传感的基础知识和极端条件下量子传感应用进展.Extreme conditions, such as ultra-low temperatures, high pressures, and strong magnetic fields, are critical to producing and studying exotic states of matter. To measure physical properties under extreme conditions, the advanced sensing schemes are required. As a promising quantum sensor, the diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center can detect magnetic field, electronic field, pressure, and temperature with high sensitivity. Considering its nanoscale spatial resolution and ultra-wide working range, the diamond quantum sensing can play an important role in frontier studies involving extreme conditions. This paper reviews the spin and optical properties of diamond NV center under extreme conditions, including low temperature, high temperature, zero field, strong magnetic fields, and high pressures. The opportunities and challenges of diamond quantum sensing under extreme conditions are discussed. The basic knowledge of spin-based quantum sensing and its applications under extreme conditions are also covered.
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Keywords:
- quantum sensing /
- nitrogen-vacancy center /
- extreme conditions /
- magnetic phase transition
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图 1 极端条件下的金刚石自旋量子传感 (a) 作为灵敏的微纳尺度量子传感方案, 金刚石氮空位中心可在极其宽泛的温度、压强、磁场下工作; (b)典型的自旋量子传感包含量子态制备、与待测对象的相互作用、量子态读出三部分
Fig. 1. Diamond quantum sensing under extreme conditions. (a) As nanoscale quantum sensors, diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers can work under wide ranges of temperature, pressure, and magnetic field. (b) A typical spin-based quantum sensing process contains three parts: preparation of the quantum state, interaction between the sensor and the target, and readout of the quantum state.
图 2 金刚石氮空位中心自旋量子传感工作原理 (a) 自旋能级结构和光学跃迁; (b) 外场对金刚石氮空位中心基态能级的影响(从上至下: 压强、温度、磁场)
Fig. 2. Working principle of diamond quantum sensing: (a) The energy level structure and optical transitions of a diamond NV center; (b) the energy levels of NV ground state as function of external perturbations (from top to bottom: pressure, temperature, and magnetic field).
图 4 高温下金刚石NV中心自旋量子调控[28] (a) 基于原位激光加热的快速温控; (b) 高温光探磁共振脉冲序列; (c) 零场劈裂随温度变化规律; (d) 自旋弛豫速率随温度的变化规律; (e) 高温下自旋Rabi振荡
Fig. 4. Quantum control of diamond NV centers under high temperatures [28]: (a) Fast temperature control by in-situ laser heating and cooling; (b) pulse sequence for high-temperature ODMR; (c) temperature dependence of zero-field splitting of NV centers; (d) temperature dependence of spin relaxation rate; (e) Rabi oscillation under high temperatures.
图 5 零场和低磁场下金刚石自旋量子调控 (a) 零场附近基态能级简并情况[29]; (b)基于近邻强耦合13C核自旋的零场量子传感方案[31]; (c) 基于NV自旋三能级结构的零场量子传感方案[30]
Fig. 5. Quantum control of diamond spin under zero and low magnetic fields: (a) Energy levels of NV ground state at near zero fields[29]; (b) zero-field magnetometry using hyperfine-biased NV centers[31]; (c) zero-field quantum sensing by exploiting the spin S = 1 nature of the NV center[30].
图 6 强磁场下的金刚石自旋量子调控[33] (a) 实验系统示意图; (b) 高频微波波导示意图; (c)共面波导传输线和金刚石装载示意; (d)金刚石近邻共面波导结构的荧光扫描图; (e) 2.78 T磁场下的单个金刚石NV中心光探磁共振谱线和(f) Rabi振荡
Fig. 6. Quantum control of diamond NV center under strong magnetic field [33]: (a) Experimental setup of high-field ODMR; (b) schematic of the microwave cavity resonator and (c) schematic of coplanar waveguide (CPW) transition element and diamond loading; (d) confocal image of the CPW resonator close to the diamond; (e) ODMR spectrum and (f) Rabi oscillation of an NV center at 2.78 T.
图 7 高压下金刚石NV自旋量子调控 (a) 金刚石对顶砧中的自旋量子传感 [17]; (b)压力对金刚石NV中心基态能级的影响; (c) 不同压强下的光探磁共振谱线; (d) 零场劈裂随压强变化关系; (e)不同压强下的NV中心零声子谱线及其(f)随压强变化规律[36]; (g)—(i) 高压下的自旋Rabi振荡、自旋回波信号和自旋弛豫信号 [37]
Fig. 7. Quantum control of diamond NV center under high pressures: (a) Quantum sensing inside diamond anvil cell [17]; (b) energy levels of NV ground states under pressure; (c) ODMR spectra under different pressures; (d) dependence of zero-field splitting on pressures; (e) zero-phonon line and (f) its dependence on pressures [36]; (g)–(i) Rabi oscillation, spin echo, and spin relaxation of NV centers under high pressures [37].
图 8 低温下金刚石自旋量子传感应用 (a) 7 K下二维材料CrI3的磁性成像 [40]; (b) 4.2 K下超导薄膜YBCO的磁性成像[41]
Fig. 8. Applications of diamond quantum sensing at low temperatures: (a) Map of magnetization distribution of a 2D material, CrI3, at temperature of 7 K [40]; (b) magnetic vortex imaging of a thin-film superconductor, YBCO, at temperature of 4.2 K[41].
图 9 高温下金刚石自旋量子传感应用[28] (a) 不同温度下单个镍纳米颗粒近邻金刚石中集群NV的光探磁共振谱线; (b) 单个纳米颗粒磁性相变过程, 其中插图为样品扫描电子显微镜图片
Fig. 9. Applications of diamond quantum sensing at high temperatures [28]: (a) ODMR spectra of a nano-diamond close to a nickel nanoparticle at different temperatures; (b) the magnetic phase transition of a single nickel nanoparticle, where the insert is SEM image of the sample.
图 11 高压下金刚石自旋量子传感应用 (a)铷铁硼(NdFeB) [37]和(b)单质铁(Fe)的压强驱动磁相变测量[51,52]; (c) 高压腔内压强成像[52]; (d) BaFe2(As0.59P0.41)2超导相图 [53]; (e) 钆(Gd)磁性的压强-温度相图 [52]
Fig. 11. Applications of diamond quantum sensing under high pressures: (a), (b) The pressure induced magnetic phase transition of (a) NdFeB [37] and (b) Fe [51,52]; (c) pressure imaging inside diamond anvil cells[52]; (d), (e) the temperature-pressure phase diagram of (d) superconductor BaFe2(As0.59P0.41)2 [53] and (e) Gd foil [52].
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