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Dilution refrigerator, as a refrigeration technology that can obtain extremely low temperatures below 10 mK, is widely used in fields such as quantum computing, and condensed matter physics. The development of the most widely used typical dry dilution refrigerators has been relatively mature, while there is little research on other types of dilution refrigerators, and there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic research on dilution refrigeration technology. This paper focuses on the current status of dilution refrigeration technology research, introduces its basic principles, and points out that the fundamental reason for continuous refrigeration is the limited solubility of 3He in 4He and the difference in enthalpy between the concentrated phase and the dilute phase. This paper summarizes the realization forms and research progress of typical dilution refrigerators, 4He cycle dilution refrigerators, cold cycle dilution refrigerators, and space dilution refrigerators, and discusses their respective application occasions and advantages and disadvantages. From the Kapitza thermal resistance, osmotic pressure, and resistance, this paper analyzes the key influencing factors and design calculation methods for realizing dilution refrigerators below 10 mK, which provides reference for studying dilution refrigeration technology. -
图 3 浓相、稀相分离示意图
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of separation of concentrated phase and diluted phase.
图 8 冷凝泵型稀释制冷机模型图(NASA Ames实验室)
Fig. 8. Model diagram of condensate pump dilution refrigerator (NASA Ames).
图 12 常温及极低温下的温度梯度 (a)常温下的换热器; (b)极低温下的换热器
Fig. 12. Temperature gradient at normal temperature and extremely low temperature: (a) Normal temperature; (b) extremely low temperature.
图 14 换热器结构示意图 (a) 螺旋套管换热器; (b) 纳米烧结银粉换热器
Fig. 14. Schematic of the heat-exchanger: (a) Tube-in-tube; (b) sintered nano silver powder.
图 17 稀释单元稀相管路内的渗透压平衡关系图
Fig. 17. Osmotic pressure balance diagram in dilute phase pipeline of dilution unit.
表 1 国外主流商用稀释制冷机产品
Table 1. The foreign mainstream commercial dilution refrigerator products.
公司 稀释制冷机型号 最低温度/mK 制冷功率 Bluefors BF- LD250 10 250 μW@100 mK
10 μW@20 mKBF-XLD400 10 400 μW@100 mK
15 μW@20 mKBF-XLD1000 10 1000 μW@100 mK
30 μW@20 mKKIDE 10 3 mW@100 mK(3个模块) Oxford Proteox MX 10 450 μW@100 mK
12 μW@20 mKProteox LX 7 850 μW@100 mK
25 μW@20 mKProteox 5 mK 5 850 μW@100 mK
25 μW@20 mKJanis JDry-500 10 400 μW@100 mK JDry-750 9 400 μW@100 mK
14 μW@20 mKCryoconcept HEXA-DRY L 10 450 μW@100 mK 
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表 2 国内报道的经典稀释制冷机研究进展
Table 2. Research progress of classical dilution refrigerators reported in China.
单位/企业 目前最低温度/mK 制冷功率 中国科学院物理研究所 <7.6 >450 μW@100 mK 中国科学院理化技术研究所[7] <18 >350 μW@100 mK 中国电子科技集团公司第十六研究所 7.9 >450 μW@100 mK 安徽大学/知冷科技 8.5 550 μW@100 mK 中船鹏力超低温 12 >450 μW@100 mK 本源量子 <10 >450 μW@100 mK 北京飞斯科科技有限公司 <10 >300 μW@100 mK 集焓科学仪器有限公司 6.8 >400 μW@100 mK
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表 3 蒸发器温度对应的3He及4He蒸气压
Table 3. 3He and 4He vapor pressures corresponding to evaporator temperature.
蒸发器温度/K P30/Pa P40/Pa x3/% a P3/Pa P4/Pa (P3+ P4)/Pa [P3/(P3+P4)]/% 0.9 695 5.542 0.78 4.47 24.23 5.499 29.73 81.51 0.8 378 1.526 0.88 5.13 17.06 1.513 18.58 91.86 0.7 180 0.30375 1 5.98 10.76 0.301 11.06 97.28 0.6 70.6 0.037485 1.2 7.11 6.02 0.037 6.06 99.39 0.5 20.5 0.002178 1.4 8.69 2.49 0.0021 2.50 99.91 0.4 3.59 0.001 1.8 11.07 0.72 0.0010 0.72 99.86
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