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高速旋转的超导转子可用作高精度角速度传感器, 其转子结构的质量偏心和球面误差是限制其精度提升的关键因素, 转子结构越复杂, 其制作和装配过程造成的质量偏心和球面误差就越大, 则其测量角速度的精度越低. 基于此介绍了一种转子结构简单的超导转子磁悬浮结构, 并通过有限元方法对其磁悬浮结构的磁耦合特性进行研究, 分析其对超导转子磁支承力的影响. 然后基于磁路原理对磁支承结构的磁路建模, 提出了一种对超导转子磁支承结构承载能力分析的方法, 并设计出一种优化超导转子磁支承结构承载能力的方案. 研究结果为超导转子磁悬浮系统的结构设计和优化, 及其承载能力的分析和优化提供参考.The high-speed rotating superconducting rotor can be used as a sensor to measure angular speed or angular position. Mass unbalance and oblateness of superconducting rotor are the main error sources to measure angular speed or angular position. General Electric company has developed an superconducting rotor magnetic suspension device with an accuracy of 0.005° per hour, but its rotor structure is very complex. So it is difficult to process and assemble with extremely small mass-unbalance and small oblateness, which limits the further improvement of its accuracy. According to this, in this paper we introduce a magnetic support structure with a simple superconducting rotor compared with rotor made by General Electric company. The rotor sphere is a closed structure with no theoretical mass eccentricity. Its electromagnetic structure is simpler than General Electric company’s, and the stator coil is the torquer coil at the same time. The stator coil is used to accelerate the rotor, while the torquer is used to make the rotor erect. Based on the theory of superconducting electrodynamics and the finite element method, the characteristics of the magnetic suspension structure are analyzed. The magnetic field coupling effect of the stator and the suspension coils on the surface of the superconducting rotor are studied, and their influence on magnetic supporting force is also analyzed. The current direction of the two suspension coils should be opposite, otherwise the rotor will produce forced vibration, which will make it difficult to accelerate the superconducting rotor. Then the magnetic circuit theory and the finite element method are used to model the magnetic circuit of the magnetic levitation structure, and the critical carrying capacity of the magnetic suspension structure is calculated and the optimal suspension conditions are given. Finally, a method to optimize its carrying capacity is designed. Therefore, the currents of the suspension coils are controlled by the acceleration of superconducting cavity. Through this method, the maximum bearing capacity of the magnetic levitation structure can be increased by 78% compared with that of fixed optimal suspension current support. The analysis results provide a reference for the structural design and optimization of the superconducting rotor magnetic levitation system.
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Keywords:
- superconducting magnetic levitation /
- superconducting rotor /
- magnetic field coupling /
- carrying capacity of magnetic levitation structure
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Guan W Y, Li H C, Cai J H, Wu H S 1981 The Physical Basis of Superconductivity (Beijing: Science Press) pp47–51 (in Chinese)
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Lin Q R, Zhao Y M 1987 Magnetic Circuit Design Principle (Beijing: Machinery Industry Press) pp87, 88 (in Chinese)
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图 2 超导转子悬浮在不同位置时的表面磁场分布 (a)平分子午线位置; (b)超导球腔底部位置; (c)超导球腔中心位置; (d)超导球腔侧偏1 mm位置
Fig. 2. Distribution of the surface magnetic field at different positions of the superconducting rotor suspension: (a) Meridian position; (b) the bottom position of the superconducting cavity; (c) the center of the superconducting cavity; (d) 1 mm off the side of the superconducting cavity.
图 3 悬浮线圈电流同向-定子电流背心 (a) 悬浮线圈电流同向球腔磁场模型; (b)不同位置悬浮力分布
Fig. 3. Codirectional suspension coil currents-stator current backward to cavity center: (a) Cavity magnetic field model with codirectional suspension coil current; (b) suspension force distribution at different positions.
图 4 悬浮线圈电流反向-定子电流背心 (a)悬浮线圈电流反向球腔磁场模型; (b)不同位置悬浮力分布
Fig. 4. Reverse suspension coil current-stator current backward to cavity center: (a) Spherical cavity magnetic field model with reverse suspension coil current; (b) suspension force distribution at different positions.
图 5 下线圈单独作用, 超导转子受力分布
Fig. 5. Magnetic levitation force to superconducting rotor with the lower coil energized.
图 6 定子单独通电超导子午线磁场
Fig. 6. Superconducting radial magnetic field with stator coils energized.
图 8 超导转子悬浮线圈磁路图
Fig. 8. Magnetic path diagram of superconducting rotor suspension coil.
图 10 超导转子竖直偏移磁阻值
Fig. 10. Vertical offset magnetoresistance value of the superconducting rotor.
图 11 表面最大磁场与下电流和位置的关系
Fig. 11. The maximum magnetic field on the rotor surface with different suspension current and different suspension position.
图 12 悬浮电流和临界磁场处偏移位置关系
Fig. 12. Offset position corresponding to the critical magnetic field with different suspension current in the bottom coil
图 13 超导转子磁浮结构承载力及刚度 (a)不同悬浮电流对允许的竖直偏移位置; (b)不同悬浮电流对对应的最大承载力; (c)不同电流对的支承刚度
Fig. 13. Bearing capacity and stiffness of superconducting rotor maglev structure: (a) Allowable vertical offset position of different suspension current pairs; (b) maximum bearing capacity of different suspension current pairs; (c) support stiffness of different current pairs.
图 14 单线圈悬浮超导转子最大承载力
Fig. 14. The maximum bearing capacity of a single-coil suspension superconducting rotor.
图 15 悬浮电流对随壳体加速度a的变化
Fig. 15. Change of suspension current pair with shell acceleration.
图 16 优化后超导转子的临界悬浮位置与对应的临界承载力 (a)临界悬浮位置随壳体加速度的变化; (b)临界承载力随壳体加速度的变化
Fig. 16. Critical suspension position and the corresponding critical bearing capacity of the optimized superconducting rotor: (a) The change of the critical suspension position with the shell acceleration; (b) the change of the critical bearing capacity with the shell acceleration.
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[1] 胡新宁, 王厚生, 王晖, 王秋良 2010 光学精密工程 18 169
Hu X N, Wang H S, Wang H, Wang Q L 2010 Opt. Precis. Eng. 18 169
[2] 江磊, 钟智勇, 仪德英, 张怀武 2008 仪器仪表学报 29 1115
Google Scholar
Jiang L, Zhong Z Y, Yi D Y, Zhang H W 2008 Chin. J. Sci. Instru. 29 1115
Google Scholar
[3] 崔春艳, 胡新宁, 程军胜, 王晖, 王秋良 2015 64 018403
Google Scholar
Cui C Y, Hu X N, Chen J S, Wang H, Wang Q L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 018403
Google Scholar
[4] Hu X N, Wang Q L, Cui C Y 2010 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 20 892
Google Scholar
[5] Wang H, Hu X N, Cui C Y, Wang L, Wang Q L 2018 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 28 5207905
Google Scholar
[6] Schoch K F, Darrel B 1967 Proceedings of the 1966 Cryogenic Engineering Conference Colorado, America, June 13–15, 1967 p657
[7] 汤继强 2005 博士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学)
Tang J Q 2005 Ph. D. Dissertation ( Harbin: Harbin Engineering University ) (in Chinese)
[8] Harding T H, Lawson D W 1968 AIAA J. 6 305
Google Scholar
[9] Schoch K F, Darrel B 1967 Adv. Cryog. Eng. 12 657
[10] 胡新宁, 赵尚武, 王厚生, 王晖, 王秋良 2008 稀有金属材料与工程 37 436
Google Scholar
Hu X N, Zhao S W, Wang H S, Wang H, Wang Q L 2008 Rare Metal Mater. Eng. 37 436
Google Scholar
[11] 汤继强, 赵琳, 罗俊燕 2004 弹箭与制导学报 24 136
Google Scholar
Tang J Q, Zhao L, Luo J Y 2004 J. Projectiles Rockets Missiles Guidance 24 136
Google Scholar
[12] 汤继强, 孙枫, 赵玉新, 郭秋芬 2005 哈尔滨工程大学学报 26 462
Tang J Q, Sun F, Zhao Y X, Guo Q F 2005 J. Harbin Eng. Univ. 26 462
[13] 赵尚武, 胡新宁, 崔春燕, 王秋良 2008 稀有金属材料与工程 37 217
Google Scholar
Zhao S W, Hu X N, Cui C Y, Wang Q L 2008 Rare Metal Mater. Eng. 37 217
Google Scholar
[14] 王浩, 王秋良, 胡新宁, 崔春燕, 苏华俊, 何忠名 2018 低温与超导 46 1
Google Scholar
Wang H, Wang Q L, Hu X N, Cui C Y, Su H J, He Z M 2018 Cyro. Supercond. 46 1
Google Scholar
[15] Buchhold T A 1961 Cryogenics 1 203
Google Scholar
[16] 张裕恒 1997 超导物理 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社) 第11, 12页
Zhang Y H 1997 Superconducting Physics (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China Press) pp11, 12 (in Chinese)
[17] 蔡圣善, 朱耕 1985 经典电动力学 (上海: 复旦大学出版社) 第229—254页
Cai S S, Zh G 1985 Classical Electrodynamics (Shanghai: Fudan University Press) pp229–254 (in Chinese)
[18] 管惟炎, 李宏成, 蔡建华, 吴杭生 1981 超导电性物理基础 (北京: 科学出版社) 第47—51页
Guan W Y, Li H C, Cai J H, Wu H S 1981 The Physical Basis of Superconductivity (Beijing: Science Press) pp47–51 (in Chinese)
[19] 林其壬, 赵佑民 1987 磁路设计原理 (北京: 科学出版社) 第87, 88页
Lin Q R, Zhao Y M 1987 Magnetic Circuit Design Principle (Beijing: Machinery Industry Press) pp87, 88 (in Chinese)
[20] 邹继斌, 刘宝庭, 崔淑海, 郑萍 1998 磁路与磁场 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学出版社) 第43—47页)
Zou J B, Liu B T, Cui S H, Zhen P 1998 Magnetic Circuit and Magnetic Field (Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology Press) pp43–47 (in Chinese)
[21] 刘建华, 王秋良, 严陆光, 李献 2010 电工技术学报 25 1
Liu J H, Wang Q L, Yan L G, Li X 2010 Tran. China Electrotech. Soc. 25 1
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