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提出了一种锥形靶层裂实验新方法, 开展非一维应变冲击条件下高纯铜初始层裂行为实验研究, 讨论了锥形靶内部损伤分布特征及其与自由面速度典型特征之间的内禀关系. 结果显示: 1)初始层裂的锥形靶内部出现了连续损伤区, 损伤区扩展方向与锥面平行, 从锥底到锥顶呈现了不同的损伤状态, 从微孔洞独立长大到局部聚集, 最后形成宏观裂纹, 这种损伤状态分布特征归因于锥形靶内部拉伸应力幅值和持续时间的空间演化; 2)通过锥形靶横截面损伤度定量统计分析, 揭示损伤演化早期的微孔洞成核与早期长大过程是随机的, 而损伤演化后期的微孔洞聚集过程具有显著的局域化特征; 3)不同位置处实测的自由面法向粒子速度剖面呈现出典型的层裂Pull-back信号, 但是通过与内部损伤分布特征对比, 揭示基于Pull-back速度获得高纯铜层裂强度本质是微孔洞成核阈值应力, Pull-back回跳速度斜率反映了损伤演化速率, Pull-back回跳幅值与损伤度引起的应力松弛密切相关.A new spallation experimental method by using conical target is proposed. Based on the analysis of wave propagation, the basic principle of spallation experiment of conical target is discussed. Then incipient spallation of high purity (HP) copper under non-one-dimensional strain shock wave is studied experimentally by using a gas gun setup. The damage distribution characteristics and micro-mechanism of conical HP copper target are analyzed. The intrinsic relationship between the characteristics of free surface velocity profiles and damage evolution is explored. The results indicate that 1) continuous damage zones including different damage states appear in the conical HP copper target with initial spallation from the bottom of cone to the top of cone along the direction parallel to the cone surface, which is attributed to the spatial evolution of the amplitude and duration time of tensile stress in the conical target; 2) quantitative statistical analysis of damage inside conical HP copper target reveals that the nucleation and early growth of micro-voids are random, while the coalescence of micro-voids has significant localization characteristics; 3) the normal free surface particle velocity profiles with typical pull-back spallation signals at different locations of conical HP copper target are measured by multi-channel photon Doppler velocimetry. Comparing with the damage distribution characteristics, it is revealed that the spallation strength based on pull-back velocity is independent of damage, and is the critical nucleation stress of micro-voids. But the slope and amplitude of pull-back rebound velocity depend on damage evolution process, which relates to the change of damage evolution rate and stress relaxation caused by damage degree respectively.
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Keywords:
- conical target /
- incipient spallation /
- damage evolution /
- free surface velocity
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图 1 平板飞片撞击锥形靶实验中x-y-t波系相互作用示意图
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of x-y-t wave interactions in the experiment of flat flyer impacting conical target.
图 3 高纯铜样品微观结构EBSD表征照片
Fig. 3. Microstructure image of high-purity spallation copper by using EBSD.
图 5 锥形靶内部微损伤分布特征光学显微照片
Fig. 5. Optical micrograph of micro-damage distribution in the conical copper target.
图 6 锥形靶内4个典型区域的微损伤分布光学显微照片 (a)区域a; (b)区域b; (c)区域c; (d)区域d
Fig. 6. Optical micrographs of micro-damage distribution in four typical regions of the conical target: (a) Region a; (b) region b; (c) region c; (d) region d.
图 7 平板撞击锥形靶轴对称二维有限元计算模型及4个典型区域中心单元应力时程曲线 (a)有限元计算模型; (b)应力时程曲线
Fig. 7. Two-dimensional axial symmetric finite element method model of conical target impacted by planar impactor and stress profiles of central element in four typical regions: (a) Finite element method model; (b) stress profiles.
图 8 锥形靶内4个典型位置处沿x方向的损伤度统计结果
Fig. 8. Damage distribution along the x direction in four typical regions of the conical target.
图 9 锥形靶内沿着y方向微损伤分布的光学显微照片 (a)区域e; (b)区域f
Fig. 9. Optical micrographs of micro-damage distribution along y direction in the conical target: (a) Region e; (b) region f.
图 10 锥形靶内沿y方向的损伤度定量统计分布
Fig. 10. Damage distribution along the y direction in the conical copper target
图 11 不同损伤阶段横截面损伤分布的EBSD表征 (a)微孔洞长大; (b)微孔洞聚集
Fig. 11. EBSD orientation maps of cross section damage at different damage stages: (a) Microvoid growth; (b) microvoid coalescence.
图 12 原始态和冲击态高纯铜晶粒尺寸分布对比 (a)原始态; (b)冲击态
Fig. 12. Comparison of grain size distributions of the high-purity copper in cross section: (a) Original; (b) shock compressed.
图 13 锥形靶3个测点处的自由面速度时程曲线
Fig. 13. Free surface velocity profiles measured from different points of conical target.
表 1 三个测点的自由面速度参数
Table 1. Free surface velocity parameters measured from different points of conical target
编号 Δu1/m·s–1 ${\sigma _{{\rm{spall}}}}$/GPa Δu2/m·s–1 $\dot \varepsilon $/104s–1 ${\dot u_{{\rm{f}}2}}$/107m·s–2 测点1 57.76 1.34 21.84 1.34 4.34 测点2 55.85 1.31 14.80 1.33 6.67 测点3 61.11 1.32 13.05 1.31 7.08 
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[1] Curran D R, Seaman L, Shockey D A 1987 Phys. Rep. 147 253
Google Scholar
[2] Antoun T, Seaman L, Curran D R, Kanel G I, Razorenov S V, Utkin A V 2003 Spall Fracture (New York: Springer-Verlag)
[3] Chen X, Asay J R, Dwivedi S K, Field D P 2006 J. Appl. Phys. 99 023528
Google Scholar
[4] Koller D D, Hixson R S 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 98 103518
Google Scholar
[5] 彭辉, 裴晓阳, 李平, 贺红亮, 柏劲松 2015 64 216201
Google Scholar
Peng H, Pei X Y, Li P, He H L, Bai J S 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 216201
Google Scholar
[6] Turley W D, Fensin S J, Hixson R S, Jones D R, La Lone B M, Stevens G D, Thomas A, Veeser L R 2018 J. Appl. Phys. 123 055102
Google Scholar
[7] 席涛, 范伟, 储根柏, 税敏, 何卫华, 赵永强, 辛建婷, 谷渝秋 2017 66 040202
Google Scholar
Xi T, Fan W, Chu G B, Shui M, He W H, Zhao Y Q, Xin J T, Gu Y Q 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 040202
Google Scholar
[8] 裴晓阳, 彭辉, 贺红亮, 李平 2015 64 054601
Google Scholar
Pei X Y, Peng H, He H L, Li P 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 054601
Google Scholar
[9] Li C, Li B, Huang J Y, Ma H H, Zhu J, Luo S N 2016 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 660 139
Google Scholar
[10] Escobedo J. P, Dennis-Koller D, CerretaE K, Patterson B M, Bronkhorst C A, Hansen B L, Tonks D, Lebensohn R A 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 110 033513
Google Scholar
[11] Fensin S J, Escobedo J P, Gray G T, Patterson B M, Trujillo C P, Cerreta E K 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 115 203516
Google Scholar
[12] Moore J A, Li SF, Rhee M, Barton N R 2018 J. Dyn. Behav. Mater. 4 464
Google Scholar
[13] 张凤国, 周洪强, 张广财, 洪滔 2011 60 074601
Google Scholar
Zhang F G, Zhou H Q, Zhang G C, Hong T 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 074601
Google Scholar
[14] 王永刚, 胡剑东, 祁美兰, 贺红亮 2011 60 126201
Google Scholar
Wang Y G, Hu J D, Qi M L, He H L 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 126201
Google Scholar
[15] Zhang F G, Zhou H Q, Hu J, Shao J L, Zhang G C, Hong T, He B 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 094601
Google Scholar
[16] Wang Y G, He H L, Wang L L 2013 Mech. Mater. 56 131
Google Scholar
[17] 李雪梅, 汪小松, 王鹏来, 卢敏, 贾路峰 2009 爆炸与冲击 29 162
Google Scholar
Li X M, Wang X S, Wang P L, Lu M, Jia L F 2009 Explosion and Shock Waves 29 162
Google Scholar
[18] Yang Y, Chen J X, Peng Z Q, Guo Z L, Tang T G, Hu H B, Hu Y N 2016 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 667 54
[19] Johnson G R, Cook W H 1983 Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Ballistics Den Haag, The Netherlands 1983 p541
[20] 裴晓阳 2013 博士学位论文 (绵阳: 中国工程物理研究院)
Pei X Y 2013 Ph. Dissertation (MianYang: China Academy of Engineering Physics) (in Chinese)
[21] Seaman L, Curran D R, Crewdson R C 1978 J. Appl. Phys. 49 5221
Google Scholar
[22] Novikov S A 1967 J. Appl. Meth. Tech. Phys. 3 109
[23] Chen D N, Yu Y Y, Yin Z H, Wang H R, Liu G Q 2005 Int. J. Impact Eng. 31 811
Google Scholar
[24] Rybakov A P 2000 Int. J. Impact Eng. 24 1041
Google Scholar
[25] 彭辉, 李平, 裴晓阳, 贺红亮, 程和平, 祁美兰 2014 63 196202
Google Scholar
Peng H, Li P, Pei X Y, He H L, Cheng H P, Qi M L 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 196202
Google Scholar
[26] 裴晓阳, 彭辉, 贺红亮, 李平 2015 64 034601
Google Scholar
Pei X Y, Peng H, He H L, Li P 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 034601
Google Scholar
[27] Kanel G, Razorenov S, Bogatch A, Utkin A, Grady D 1997 Int. J. Impact. Eng. 20 467
Google Scholar
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