金属材料界面与辐照缺陷的交互作用机理

刘思冕; 韩卫忠

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190128

摘要

高能粒子辐照在材料内部产生大量的辐照缺陷, 如间隙原子、空位、位错环、空洞和气泡等. 大量辐照缺陷的形成和演化引起材料微观结构的失稳并造成严重的辐照硬化和脆化. 界面工程是一种调控材料抗辐照性能的有效方法. 通过引入高密度的晶界、相界、自由表面等来增加空位和间隙原子的复合概率, 能有效降低辐照缺陷的积聚, 提高材料的结构稳定性, 消除或减弱辐照的有害效应. 本文简述了几种典型金属材料界面与不同类型辐照缺陷的交互作用机理, 分析了界面结构、缺陷类型和辐照条件对交互作用过程的影响, 最后讨论了本领域需进一步关注的热点问题, 期望运用多学科知识和研究方法更好地揭示辐照损伤过程并设计新型抗辐照损伤材料.

关键词:

界面 /
点缺陷 /
位错 /
氦泡

Abstract

High-energy particles’ radiation produces a large number of radiation defects in material, such as interstitial atoms, vacancies, dislocation loops, voids and helium bubbles. The formation and evolution of massive radiation defects cause the instability of microstructure in metal, which further degrades its mechanical performance. Interface engineering is an effective method to tune the radiation resistance of metal and alloy. By introducing a large number of grain boundaries, phase interfaces, free surfaces, etc., the recombination probability of radiation-induced vacancies and interstitial atoms increases, thereby reducing the accumulation of radiation defects, improving the structural stability of the metal and eliminating the harmful effects of radiation. In this paper, we briefly review the recent progress of the mechanisms of interactions between several typical interfaces and various types of irradiation defects. The influence of interface structure, irradiation condition and defect character on their interaction behavior are reviewed and discussed. We also propose some critical questions about the radiation damage to material which remain to be understood. It is necessary to combine multidisciplinary techniques, knowledge and theories in order to fully understand the mechanism of radiation damage and design the advanced radiation-tolerant materials.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

西安交通大学, 金属材料强度国家重点实验室, 微纳尺度材料行为研究中心, 西安　710049

通信作者: 韩卫忠, wzhanxjtu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2017YFB0702301)、国家自然科学基金(批准号: 51471128, 51621063)和陕西省共享平台建设项目(批准号: 2017KTPT-12)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China

Corresponding author: Han Wei-Zhong, wzhanxjtu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the State Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2017YFB0702301), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51471128, 51621063), and the Innovation Project of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2017KTPT-12).

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施引文献

图 1 金属材料中的几种典型的界面结构　(a)经过200 keV, 剂量为2 × 10¹⁷ ions cm^–2的氦离子在450 ℃辐照后的铜中的晶界; (b)经24.18 MeV 8价铁离子和1.7 MeV氦离子在430 ℃辐照后的ODS钢中高密度第二相和基体之间的界面; (c)经过200keV, 剂量为2 × 10²¹ ions cm^–2的氦离子在450 ℃辐照后的铜-铌异质金属间的相界面; (d)经过400 keV, 剂量为8.64 × 10¹⁴ ions cm^–2的氖离子在室温下辐照后的纳米多孔金中的自由表面(数据来源于文献[23,24,26,27],有改动)

Fig. 1. Typical interfaces in metals^{[23,24,26,27]}: (a) Grain boundary in Cu which irradiated at 450 ℃ by 200 keV He ions with a fluence of 2 × 10¹⁷ ions cm^–2; (b) interfaces between oxides and matrix in ODS steel which irradiated with 24.18 MeV Fe⁸⁺ ions and 1.7 MeV He⁺ ions at nearly 430 ℃; (c) Cu-Nb interface which irradiated at 450 ℃ by 200 keV He ions with a fluence of 2 × 10²¹ ions cm^–2; (d) free surface in nanoporous gold (NPG) which irradiated at room temperature by 400 keV Ne⁺⁺ ions with a fluence of 8.64 × 10¹⁴ ions/cm^–2.

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图 2 (a)不同界面在相同的辐照条件下形成的无缺陷区的宽度随界面类型的变化; (b)经过200 keV, 剂量为2 × 10¹⁷ ions cm^–2的氦离子在450 ℃辐照后的铜中大角晶界的无缺陷区域; (c)相同辐照条件下的K-S铜-铌相界面的无缺陷区域 (数据来源于文献[22,23],有改动)

Fig. 2. (a) Variation of the width of the void-denuded zone (VDZ) with the character of interfaces. The large angle grain boundary in (b) Cu which irradiated at 450 ℃ by 200 keV He ions with a fluence of 2 × 10¹⁷ ions cm^–2. and in (c) Cu-Nb interface in the same irradiation condition^[22,23].

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图 3 分子动力学模拟铜中Σ11对称倾斜晶界在吸收间隙原子前后对空位和间隙原子的形成能和迁移能的影响　(a)原始晶界的空位形成能; (b)级联碰撞发生后, 晶界吸收10个间隙原子的空位形成能, 虚线框代表容易被无障碍间隙原子发射复合掉的不稳定空位位点; (c)缺陷扩散能垒随着晶界距离的变化. 1代表原始晶界附近空位扩散的能垒; 2代表块体中空位扩散的能垒; 3代表原始晶界附近间隙原子扩散的能垒; 4代表块体中间隙原子扩散的能垒; 5代表吸收间隙原子的晶界附近空位扩散的能垒; 6代表吸收间隙原子的晶界附近间隙原子释放的能垒. 显而易见, 与原始晶界相比, 吸收间隙原子的晶界附近空位扩散和间隙原子释放的能垒都明显降低(数据来源于文献[29])

Fig. 3. The influence of grain boundaries loading with interstitials on the defect properties in Σ11 GB of copper: (a) Vacancy formation energy profile of a pristine GB; (b)vacancy formation energy profile of a GB loaded with 10 interstitials after a collision cascade. Vacancy sites denoted by dashed box are unstable sites that are annihilated via barrier-free interstitial emission; (c) defect diffusion barriers as a function of distance from a pristine and an interstitial-loaded GB. Line 1 represents vacancy diffusion barriers near the pristine GB. Line 2 represents vacancy diffusion barriers in the bulk. Line 3 represents interstitial diffusion barriers near the pristine GB. Line 4 represents interstitial diffusion barriers in the bulk. Line 5 represents vacancy diffusion barriers near the interstitial loaded GB. Line 6 represents interstitial emission near the interstitial loaded GB. Clearly, barriers for vacancy diffusion and interstitial emission near the interstitial-loaded GB are greatly reduced compared with the vacancy diffusion barriers near the pristine GB.

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图 4 铜–银界面“空位泵”的工作机理　(a) 400 keV, 2 × 10¹⁷ ion/cm²氦离子400 ℃辐照后的纳米层状共晶铜–银复合材料表面形成了富铜的凸起物; (b)距表面约200 nm深度形成大量纳米氦泡, 且银层氦泡密度和尺寸显著高于铜层中的氦泡; (c)距表面约1400 nm深度形成大量的空洞; (d)距表面约1800 nm深度形成位错结构; (e)铜–银界面上界面位错由于在铜侧产生压应力捕获铜空位到界面偏聚; (f)铜侧的空位自发转移至银层中; (g)银间隙原子由于界面拉应力偏聚到界面处, 并在铜–银界面处与部分界面空位复合; (h)铜层中的间隙原子浓度越来越高, 而银层中的空位浓度越来越高, 最终在表面形成富铜的凸起物(数据来源于文献[42], 有改动)

Fig. 4. Mechanism of vacancy pump in Cu/Ag interface: (a) A surface bump enriched copper formed on surface of the Cu/Ag nanocomposites after 400 keV, 2 × 10¹⁷ ion/cm² helium ions implantation at 400 ℃; (b) high density of helium bubbles formed at the depth of 200 nm. The density and diameter of helium bubbles in Ag are larger than that in Cu; (c) high density of voids formed at the depth of 1400 nm; (d) high density of dislocation lines formed at the depth of 1800 nm; (e) Cu vacancies segregate to the MDI due to compressive stress field; (f) Cu vacancies at MDI transfer into Ag layer and attach to interface; (g) Ag interstitials migrate to non-MDI area because of tensile stress; (h) a state of interstitials enriched in Cu and vacancies enriched in Ag is achieved due to the vacancy pump effect of Cu/Ag interface.

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图 5 层错四面体与共格孪晶界的交互作用　(a)两种典型的四边形层错四面体, 层错四面体a从顶点削去一角, 层错四面体b从底角削去一角; (b)层错四面体和孪晶界交互作用沿着孪晶界形成大量层错; (c)对应(a)中共格孪晶界和层错四面体发交互作用的两种情况. 第一种, 由于层错四面体顶点先接触孪晶界而被削去一角, 在{111}面形成位错环; 另一种情况, 可动位错和压杆位错发生位错反应(如AB和AC), 在层错面形成两个新的可动位错, 分位错的进一步扩展消除整个层错四面体(数据来源于文献[71], 有改动)

Fig. 5. The mechanism of the interaction between the SFTs and the coherent twin boundaries: (a) The two truncated SFTs during their interactions with CTBs. SFT-a was truncated from its apex, whereas SFT-b was destructed from its base; (b) HRTEM micrograph showing the formation of groups of stacking faults during SFTs interactions with CTBs; (c) schematics of two types of interactions between SFTs and twin boundaries corresponding to the two cases in (a). The removal of SFT initiated from its apex (in contact with a twin boundary) results in the formation of dislocation loops on {111} plane in the twin lattices. In the lower case, the interaction of a mobile partial with stair-rod dislocations, AB and AC, results in two new mobile partials that can migrate on the surface of SFT and lead to its decomposition.

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图 6 银中的共格孪晶界在原位辐照过程与间隙型位错环的交互作用机制　(a)初始平直的共格孪晶界; (b)分子动力学模拟辐照产生了间隙型位错环, 在原位辐照下移动, 撞到共格孪晶界, 形成凸起; (c)共格孪晶界由于吸收间隙原子形成小凸起; (d)凸起的共格孪晶界遇到两个层错四面体; (e)分子动力学模拟拱起的共格孪晶界吸收邻近辐照产生的空位, 而后空位和孪晶界上的间隙原子复合, 使共格孪晶界恢复平直状态, 实现自愈合; (f)凸起的共格孪晶界恢复成平直状态(数据来源于文献[76], 有改动)

Fig. 6. The mechanism of interaction between CTBs and interstitial dislocation loops in Ag under in situ radiation: (a) An initially straight CTB; (b) the monocular dynamic simulation for the formation, movement and diffusion of an interstitial loop near a CTB; (c) the formation of puddle at the CTB; (d) Two SFTs adjacent to the puddle were gradually absorbed by the CTB; (e) the annihilation of interstitials with SFTs leads to the self-healing of the CTB; (f) the CTB was nearly recovered to a straight line.

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图 7 镍中Kr离子辐照产生的位错环向晶界运动、缩小并被最终被界面复合的机理. 在远离晶界的区域2中, 空位浓度达到饱和, 位错环持续吸收空位导致半径收缩; 在接近晶界的区域1中, 空位浓度梯度使位错环的一侧吸收空位, 另一侧释放空位, 使位错环向晶界迁移得以进行(数据来源于文献[77])

Fig. 7. Illustration of the shrinkage and migration of dislocation loops toward GBs in Ni irradiated by Kr ions. In region 2, further away from the GB, the concentration of vacancy induced by radiation approaches a plateau and the continuous absorption of vacancy leads to the gradual reduction of interstitial loop diameter. In region 1, adjacent to the GB, there is a concentration gradient of vacancies. The absorption of vacancy by one side of dislocation loop and the corresponding emission of vacancy from the other side (facing GB) lead to rapid migration (climb) of the loop toward the GB.

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图 8 铜铌界面既可作为障碍物阻碍位错滑移, 也作为缺陷陷阱愈合辐照缺陷. 在相同的辐照条件下, 纯铜晶粒内部形成了大量的氦泡, 而铜-铌纳米层状材料内观察不到任何的辐照缺陷. 说明纳米层状复合物比块体材料的强度更高, 抗辐照损伤能力更强(数据来源于文献[85])

Fig. 8. Cu-Nb interfaces act as obstacles to slip and sinks for radiation-induced defects. Under the same radiation condition, helium bubbles form in bulk Copper but not in Cu/Nb heterostructures. Hence, nanolayered composites not only increase strength but enhance radiation-damaged tolerance as well, compared with bulk materials.

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图 9 金中的辐照氦泡　(a)辐照后金薄膜中形成了大量纳米氦泡; (b)纳米氦泡分布在金的小角度扭转晶界的螺位错节点处; (c)分子动力学模拟沿着(001)小角度扭转晶界上不同原子位置的空位形成能和固溶能(数据来源于文献[90], 有改动)

Fig. 9. Helium bubbles in irradiated Au: (a) Nanoscale helium bubbles in Au film; (b) nanoscale helium bubbles are formed in the point of misfit dislocations in twist boundary of Au; (c) formation and solution energies of vacancy for different atom sites along (001) twist boundary.

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图 10 临界储氦量与界面失配位错密度与K-S界面取向的关系. 图中呈现了三种典型的FCC/BCC界面(K-S铜-铌界面, K-S铜-钒界面, K-S铜-钼界面)(数据来源于文献[35])

Fig. 10. The relationship of critical He concentration and MIDs densities for interfaces with Kurdjumov-Sachs interface orientation. As plotted are three typical FCC/BCC interface such as Cu-Nb, Cu-V, Cu-Mo.

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