碳纳米管和天鹅绒阴极强流发射特性的对比研究

蔡丹; 刘列; 巨金川; 王海涛; 赵雪龙; 王潇

doi:10.7498/aps.65.045202

摘要

采用电泳沉积法、碳纳米管纸和化学气相沉积直接生长法制备了三种碳纳米管阴极. 从强流发射性能、阴极等离子体膨胀、阴极起动、发射均匀性、工作稳定性以及脉冲放气特性等多个方面, 对比研究了碳纳米管阴极和化纤天鹅绒阴极的强流发射特性, 研究表明碳纳米管阵列和碳纳米管纸阴极发射性能明显优于普通化纤天鹅绒, 碳纳米管阴极发射性能与碳纳米管取向无关, 管壁的缺陷发射对无序碳纳米管阴极强流发射具有重要贡献. 碳纳米管阴极的起动场强约为普通化纤天鹅绒的2/3, 电场上升率相同时碳纳米管阴极比化纤天鹅绒阴极起动时间短1217 ns. 碳纳米管阴极发射均匀性优于化纤天鹅绒, 尤其是碳纳米管阵列, 整个阴极表面等离子体光斑致密且均匀. 在二极管本底气压为610-3 Pa时, 碳纳米管纸阴极对应的二极管峰值气压不到0.3 Pa, 约为普通化纤天鹅绒阴极的1/5, 碳纳米管阵列阴极放气量在三种阴极中最少, 仅为0.042 Pa. 结果表明, 碳纳米管阴极在强流电子束源和相关高功率微波器件领域具有潜在的应用价值.

关键词:

碳纳米管 /
强电流

Abstract

So far, the investigations of carbon nanotube (CNT) cathode have been focused on the field emission with low current and voltage. However, the properties of the intense pulsed emission of CNT cathode have not been discussed deeply and comprehensively. In this paper, the intense emission properties of velvet and CNT cathode are studied in various aspects, such as emission capability, cathode plasma expansion, cathode initialization, emission uniformity, operation stability, outgassing property, and so on. Three different CNT cathodes are made by using electrophoresis deposition, chemical vapor deposition and also CNT paper (or buckypaper) gluing. Results show that the emission capability of CNT arrays and CNT paper cathode is definitely better than the velvet cathode. At the same diode voltage (～300 kV), the amplitudes of diode current of CNT array and CNT paper are 2.75 and 3.1 kA respectively, which are bigger than that of the velvet cathode (～1 kA). The orientation of CNT should not affect the emission capability of CNT cathodes. And the small radius of the tube wall and the existence of defects are suggested to be the reasons for the emission of electrons from the body of the tubes. The threshold electric field strength of intense emission of CNTs is about two-thirds of velvet cathode. The onset delay time of CNT cathode is shorter than the velvet cathode by about 12-17 ns at the same electric field growth rate. The time-evolution processes of the plasma expansion velocity of CNT and velvet cathodes are similar, which could be divided into three phases (rapid rising, quick decreasing and stable phase). In summary, the plasma expansion velocity of CNT cathode is less than one fourth that of velvet at the end of the first phase. During the stable phase, which sustains until the end of the voltage pulse, both cathodes have the same plasma expansion velocity (7 cm/s). The emission uniformity of the cathode has been studied by analyzing the distributions of cathode plasma spots and Cherenkov radiation light, which are captured by the high speed frame camera. The emission uniformity of CNT cathode is much better than that of the velvet cathode. Especially, the cathode plasma spots on the whole surface of CNT array cathode are very dense and uniform. The peak outgassing pressure of the CNT paper cathode is 0.3 Pa, which is one fifth that of the velvet cathode; while the peak outgassing pressure of the CNT array cathode is 0.042 Pa, which is the lowest, and the outgassing pressure of the CNT cathode is related to the fabrication methods. Volatile such as epoxy should be avoided in the fabrication processes. This CNT cathode appears to be suitable for intense emission source and high-power microwave device applications.

Keywords:

carbon nanotubes /
intense current

作者及机构信息

1.
国防科学技术大学光电科学与工程学院, 长沙 410073;

2.
中国人民解放军78010部队, 成都 610000

通信作者: 蔡丹, 263277440@163.com

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11305263, 61401484)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China;

2.
The PLA Unit 78010, Chengdu 610000, China

Corresponding author: Cai Dan, 263277440@163.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11305263, 61401484).

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施引文献

[1]	Benford J, Swegle J A, Schamiloglu E 2007 High-power Microwaves (2nd Ed.) (New York: Taylor Francis Group) pp191-197
[2]	Barker R J, Schamiloglu E (translated by high-power microwave sources and technologies translation group) 2005 High-Power Microwave Sources and Technologies (Beijing: Tsinghua University Press) pp277-312 (in Chinese) [巴克 R L, 谢米洛格鲁 E 著 (高功率微波源与技术翻译组译) 2005 高功率微波源与技术(北京: 清华大学出版社)第277312页]
[3]	Nguyen V H, Park W, Kim N, Song H 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 058201
[4]	Nguyen V H, Song H J 2015 Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 038201
[5]	Wang J L, Wang X L, He B R, Zhu J F, Wei Z Y, Wang Y G 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 097601
[6]	Zhang X, Song Y R 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 064204
[7]	Rosdin R Z R R, Admad F, Ali N M, Nor R M, Zulkepely N R, Harun S W, Arof H 2014 Chin. Phys. Lett. 31 094202
[8]	Ahmad F, Harun S W, Nor R M, Zulkepely N R, Ahmad H, Shum P 2013 Chin. Phys. Lett. 30 054210
[9]	Karimov K S, Sulaiman K, Ahmad Z, Akhmedov K M, Mateen A 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 018801
[10]	Liu L, Liu X X, Wang X J 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 117705
[11]	Liang J J, Huang Y, Zhang F, Li L, Ma Y F, Li F F, Chen Y S 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 088802
[12]	Liu H T, Liu Y, Wang B S, Li C S 2015 Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 044102
[13]	Qu J R, Zheng J B, Wu G R, Cao C D 2013 Chin. Phys. Lett. 30 107801
[14]	deHeer W A, Chatelain A, Ugarte D 1995 Science 270 1179
[15]	Xia L S 2005 Ph. D. Dissertation (Mianyang: Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics) (in Chinese) [夏连胜 2005 博士学位论文 (绵阳: 中国工程物理研究院)]
[16]	Chen Y, Shaw D T, Guo L P 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 2469
[17]	Cui Y K, Zhang X B, Lei W, Wang Q L, Di Y S, Li C, Chen J 2013 High Power Laser Particle Beams 25 1509 (in Chinese) [崔云康, 张晓兵, 雷威, 王琦龙, 狄云松, 李驰, 陈静 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 1509]
[18]	Di Y S, Zhang X B, Lei W, Zhang L F, Cui Y K, Wang Q L, Chen J 2013 High Power Laser Particle Beams 25 1494 (in Chinese) [狄云松, 张晓兵, 雷威, 章莉芳, 崔云康, 王琦龙, 陈静 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 1494]
[19]	Xu W K, Yuan X S, Yuan J S, Yang L 2014 High Power Laser Particle Beams 26 124103 (in Chinese) [徐伟康, 袁学松, 袁劲松, 杨林 2014 强激光与粒子束 26 124103]
[20]	Yang H, Yuan X S, Li K, Li X Y, Yan Y 2014 High Power Laser Particle Beams 26 063023 (in Chinese) [杨欢, 袁学松, 李凯, 黎晓云, 鄢扬 2014 强激光与粒子束 26 063023]
[21]	Read M E, Schwarz W G, Kremer M J, Lennhoff J D, Carnahan D L, Kempa K, Ren Z F, Ren Z F 2001 Procceedings of the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference, Chicago, U. S. A, June 18-22, 2001 p1026
[22]	Korenev S 2002 Proc. of 14th international Conference on High-power Particle Beams, Albuquerque, U. S. A, June 23-26, 2002 p385
[23]	Shiffler D, Zhou O, Bower C, LaCour M, Golby K 2004 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 32 2152
[24]	Liao Q L, Zhang Y, Xia L S, Yan X Q, Qi J J, Huang Y H, Gao Z J 2007 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40 6626
[25]	Liao Q L, Zhang Y, Xia L S, Gao Z J, Huang Y H, Qi J J, Chang Y Q, Zhang H 2007 Carbon 45 1471
[26]	Liao Q L, Zhang Y, Huang Y H, Qi J J, Gao Z J, Xia L S, Zhang H 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 151504
[27]	Liao Q L, Zhang Y, Huang Y H, Qi J J, Gao Z J, Xia L S, Zhang H 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1778 (in Chinese) [廖庆亮, 张跃, 黄运华, 齐俊杰, 高战军, 夏连胜, 张篁 2008 57 1778]
[28]	Liao Q L, Zhang Y, Xia L S, Qi J J, Huang Y H, Deng Z Q, Gao Z J, Cao J W 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 2328 (in Chinese) [廖庆亮, 张跃, 夏连胜, 齐俊杰, 黄运华, 邓战强, 高战军, 曹佳伟 2008 57 2328]
[29]	Liao Q L, Yang Y, Qi J J, Huang Y H, Xia L S, Liu L 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 073109
[30]	Liao Q L, Qin Z, Zhang Z, Qi J J, Zhang Y, Huang Y H, Liu L 2011 Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6 40
[31]	Chen Y, Xia L S, Zhang H, Liu X G, Liao Q L 2011 High Power Laser Particle Beams 23 775 (in Chinese) [谌怡, 夏连胜, 张篁, 刘星光, 廖庆亮 2011 强激光与粒子束 23 775]
[32]	Chen Y, Xia L S, Zhang H, Yang A M, Liu X G, Liao Q L 2012 High Power Laser Particle Beams 24 957 (in Chinese) [谌怡, 夏连胜, 张篁, 杨安民, 刘星光, 廖庆亮 2012 强激光与粒子束 24 957]
[33]	Liao Q L, Zhang Y, Xia L S, Huang Y H, Qi J J, Gao Z J, Zhang H 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 5335 (in Chinese) [廖庆亮, 张跃, 夏连胜, 黄运华, 齐俊杰, 高战军, 张篁 2007 56 5335]
[34]	Yang J 2013 Ph. D. Dissertation (Changsha: National University of Defence Technology) (in Chinese) [杨杰 2013博士学位论文 (长沙: 国防科技大学)]
[35]	Liu Y 2008 M. S. Dissertation (Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese) [刘懿 2008 硕士学位论文 (成都: 电子科技大学)]
[36]	Chen Y, Shaw D T 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 2469
[37]	Krasik Y E, Dunaevsky A, KrokhmaI A, Felsteiner J, Gunin A V, Pegel I V, Korovin S D 2001 J. Appl. Phys. 89 2379
[38]	Pushkarev A I, Sazonov R V 2009 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 37 1901
[39]	Lau Y Y 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 278301
[40]	Zhang J, Zhong H H, Shu T, Luo L, Wang Y 2004 Chin. Phys. Lett. 21 2479
[41]	Zhang X P 2004 Ph. D. Dissertation (Changsha: National University of Defence Technology) (in Chinese) [张晓萍 2004 博士学位论文 (长沙: 国防科技大学)]
[42]	Wang H G 2004 Ph. D. Dissertation (Changsha: National University of Defence Technology) (in Chinese) [王弘刚 2004 博士学位论文 (长沙: 国防科技大学)]
[43]	Liu J 2011 Ph. D. Dissertation (Changsha: National University of Defence Technology) (in Chinese) [刘静 2011 博士学位论文 (长沙: 国防科技大学)]
[44]	Liu L, Li L M, Zhang X P, Wen J C, Wan H, Zhang Y Z 2007 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 35 361
[45]	Zhao X L 2012 M. S. Dissertation (Changsha: National University of Defence Technology) (in Chinese) [赵雪龙 2012 硕士学位论文 (长沙: 国防科技大学)]

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