硅基光源的研究进展

沈浩; 李东升; 杨德仁

doi:10.7498/aps.64.204208

摘要

随着人们对大容量、高速和低成本的信息传播的要求越来越迫切, 近年来硅基光电子学得以蓬勃发展, 但硅基光源一直没有得到真正的解决, 成为制约硅基光电子学发展的瓶颈. 硅的间接带隙本质给高效硅基光源的实现带来很大困难, 实用化的硅基激光是半导体科学家长期奋斗的目标. 本文分别介绍了硅基发光材料、硅基发光二极管和硅基激光的研究进展, 最后总结了目前各种硅基光源面临的问题和未来的发展方向.

关键词:

To meet the requirements for high speed, low cost, and more information capacity, silicon photonics has been booming in recent years. Silicon photonics covers a very wide field. For the silicon photonics, researchers have successfully achieved silicon-based optical waveguides, switches, modulators, and detectors. But the problem of silicon based light source has not been really resolved, which has become a primary bottleneck for further developing the silicon photonics. The momentum of a phonon is required to allow an electron to transit from the minimum of the conduction band to the maximum of the valence band in Si because of the indirect bandgap. This two-particle process with a low probability makes it difficult to achieve high-efficiency silicon-based light source by itself. However, much effort has been made to characterize and understand the light-emission phenomena of silicon-based devices. Also, more attempts were made to enhance the emission efficiency of silicon. Practical silicon lasers are very important for silicon photonics and have been a long goal for semiconductor scientists. A number of important breakthroughs in the past decade have focused on silicon as a photonic platform thanks to the efforts of scientists. In this review, we introduce the recent progress of silicon-based luminescence materials, silicon light emitting diodes and silicon lasers. In the first part of this paper, common types of silicon-based light emitting materials, including porous silicon, silicon nanocrystals, rare earth-doped silicon, silicon defect emission, germanium on silicon and semiconducting silicides are comprehensively reviewed. Among them, the quantum effects and surface effects of low-dimensional silicon can greatly enhance the light emission efficiency. The erbium atoms in silicon-based rare earth materials can produce the light emission at communication wavelength band independently of the host. The transition from the lowest excited state to the 4f ground state yields light at 1.54 m. Moreover the emission energy is independent of the temperature due to the inner atomic transition. Group IV materials grown on silicon such as Ge and GeSn alloy can change from indirect bandgap into direct bandgap by introducing mechanically strain and modifying the component. Strong enhancement of photoluminescence and net gain emerging from the direct transition are very significant for fabricating the devices. In the second part, different light emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated with above luminescent materials are introduced. The Si PN diodes were once popular at the earlier research stage. One approach was to modify the effective surface on high-purity single crystal silicon and the other idea was to use optically active defects in silicon. Ten years later, silicon LEDs in which the dressed-photon-phonons assisted method is used, made the Si PN diode rejuvenated. LEDs fabricated on nano-structured Si and silicon-based film were limited in the optoelectronic integration since the luminescence wavelength is not corresponding to the low-loss communication region. Although erbium-doped and Er silicate LEDs emit suitable light, their high turn-on voltage and low luminescence efficiency block the practical application. The researches of Ge-on-Si LED mainly focus on modifying the band structure by introducing strain and n-doping. In the third part, firstly we summarize the basic rules of the silicon laser. Then, we review the most recent progress in the field. Nanometer Si with periodic array can only behave unambiguous laser action using optical pumping and at very low temperature. Low threshold silicon Raman lasers with racetrack ring resonator cavities can only stop on paper also due to the difficulty in electrical pumping. The Ge-on-Si lasers operating at room temperature by optical and electrical pumping were accomplished in the past 5 years. The GeSn laser that is CMOS-compatible also came into being this year. Although so far, lasing has been implemented only by using pulsed optical pumping and stopped working at 90 K, this first demonstration of lasing in a direct-gap group IV alloy grown on standard silicon substrates is potentially an important step on the way to a platform of fully integrated silicon-based photonics. Hybrid III-V-on-Si lasers are considered as one of the most practical means due to the excellent photoelectric properties and mature preparation technology. Finally, current problems and future development direction in the silicon light source are also presented briefly.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
浙江大学材料科学与工程学院, 硅材料国家重点实验室, 杭州 310027

基金项目: 国家重点基础研究发展计划(批准号: 2013CB632102)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

Funds: Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2013CB632102).

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施引文献

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