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SPECIAL TOPIC—Instrumentation and metrology for ultrafast atomic and molecular spectroscopy

Preface to the special topic: Instrumentation and metrology for ultrafast atomic and molecular spectroscopy
2025, 74 (24): 240101. doi: 10.7498/aps.74.240101
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SPECIAL TOPIC—Atomic, molecular and materials properties data

Preface to the special topic: Atomic, molecular and materials properties data
2025, 74 (24): 240102. doi: 10.7498/aps.74.240102
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GENERAL

Phase-field modeling of dead lithium in solid-state batteries via multiphysics coupling
BAO Wenbin, GONG Guoqing
2025, 74 (24): 240201. doi: 10.7498/aps.74.20251073
Abstract +
Owing to, Solid-state batteries have gradually become the focus of people’s attention and research in recent years due to the advantages of high energy density and high safety factor. Lithium dendrites are a key factor affecting battery safety and service life, and in severe cases, battery short circuits can occur. Compared with liquid batteries, solid-state batteries rely on solid-state electrolytes with higher mechanical strength, which can effectively inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites, but with the increase of the number of charge-discharge cycles, the dead lithium produced by the incomplete dissolution of lithium dendrites gradually accumulates, and the performance of the battery gradually decreases. In this work, the problem of dead lithium in solid-state batteries is studied by using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2 finite element simulation software. Due to the fact that existing research on dead lithium mainly focuses on phase field models combined with binary physics, there is little research on the influence of electrochemical parameters on dead lithium. Therefore, the phase field method is used to simulate the dissolution of lithium dendrites and the formation of dead lithium under the coupling of force-thermal-electrochemical fields. When the heat transfer model is coupled, the difference in the morphology of dead lithium before and after the coupled heat transfer model is further studied by applying an external pressure to change the stress of lithium dendrites. When the coupled mechanical field changes, the morphology of dead lithium before and after the coupled mechanical field is further studied by changing the temperature magnitude. At the same time, the effects of changes in three electrochemical parameters, namely diffusion coefficient, interfacial mobility and anisotropic strength, on the area of dead lithium are also explored. The research results indicate that when the heat transfer model or mechanical field is coupled into the phase field model, the dendrite dissolution cut-off time and dead lithium area will change. When the base rises at high temperature or when low external pressure or high external pressure is applied, the area of dead lithium decreases. For changing the electrochemical parameters, reducing the diffusion coefficient, increasing the interfacial mobility and reducing the anisotropic strength can effectively reduce the area of dead lithium.

SPECIAL TOPIC—Principles and applications of quantum optics·COVER ARTICLE

Coherent manipulation of multiple ions in a room-temperature surface-electrode trap
XIE Yi, CHEN Ting, WANG Hongyang, TAO Yi, ZHANG Xin, CHEN Yan, ZHANG Jie, WU Wei, CHEN Pingxing
2025, 74 (24): 240301. doi: 10.7498/aps.74.20251454
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The development of high-performance chip-scale ion traps is crucial for the integration and scaling of ion-trap-based quantum computers. Although cryogenic environments can greatly reduce anomalous heating, operating ion traps at room temperature remains highly attractive due to its simplicity and lower cost. This work reports significant progress in coherently controlling multiple ions confined in a custom-fabricated, room-temperature surface-electrode trap, establishing a critical foundation for advanced quantum protocols such as quantum error correction and future scalable architectures. Research objectives and methods 　This study aims to characterize a home-built chip trap and demonstrate its capabilities for multi-ion quantum logic under ambient conditions. The trap adopts a six-wire electrode design on a high-resistivity silicon substrate, with ions trapped at a height of 154 μm. A combination of Doppler cooling, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) cooling, and resolved-sideband cooling is used to prepare the ions in their motional ground state. Coherent manipulations are performed using both a 729 nm laser (for optical qubits between the $|\text{S}_{1/2},m_j=-1/2\rangle$ and $|\text{D}_{5/2},m_j=-3/2\rangle$ states) and microwave radiation (for qubits between the $|\text{S}_{1/2},m_j=-1/2\rangle$ and $|\text{S}_{1/2},m_j=+1/2\rangle$ states). Quantum state detection is achieved via state-dependent fluorescence by using an EMCCD camera, thereby enabling site-resolved readout. Key results 　Low room-temperature heating rates: The trap exhibits low heating rates, measured to be 0.074(8) quanta/ms in the axial direction (at 833 kHz) and 0.237(51) quanta/ms in the radial direction (at 1.3 MHz). The spectral density of electric-field noise is on the order of $10^{-13}$ ${{\rm{V}}^2 /({\rm{m}}^{2}\cdot{\rm{Hz}}})$ at trap frequencies above 500 kHz, ranking among the best for room-temperature devices. The spectral density of electric-field noise follows an approximate $f^{-2.52(22)}$ dependence, potentially influenced by external filtering circuits. High-fidelity single-ion control A single 40Ca+ ion is cooled to an average phonon number of 0.04(2) in its axial motion. High-fidelity coherent operations are demonstrated: carrier Rabi oscillations using the 729 nm laser shows a single-pulse fidelity of approximately 98.98(8)%, while microwave-driven operations achieves a fidelity of 99.95(2)%. Ramsey interferometry with microwaves reveals a coherence time $T_2^*$ of 5.0(4) ms.Site-resolved multi-ion coherent control: The core achievement is the global coherent manipulation of ion chains containing up to 20 ions. The system is characterized by driving motional sideband transitions on various axial modes of 5- and 6-ion chains. The resulting Rabi oscillations, measured using site-resolved fluorescence, clearly show the collective dynamics and mode-dependent coupling strengths determined by the normalized mode eigenvectors. Furthermore, global carrier transitions are demonstrated on a two-dimensional (2D) zigzag crystal of 20 ions, confirming the ability to execute simultaneous operations on a large qubit array. Global control of 2D ion crystals Using 20 ions, a 2D zigzag crystal is formed and globally addressed using both laser and microwave drives. Laser-driven carrier transitions show strong decay due to multimode motional coupling, whereas microwave-driven oscillations remain nearly decay-free, consistent with the Lamb–Dicke parameter being negligible for microwave fields. Conclusion 　The room-temperature surface-electrode trap can support low-heating confinement, high-fidelity single- and multi-qubit operations, as well as coherent control of large ion arrays. The site-resolved observations of mode-dependent coupling highlight the potential for utilizing collective vibrational modes for selective quantum control. These results validate the trap as a robust and promising platform for medium-scale quantum information processing and quantum simulation at room temperature. Future work will focus on structural optimizations to reduce radial heating and integration with cryogenic systems to further suppress noise, ultimately advancing toward large-scale quantum computing architectures.

GENERAL

Collective behavior of active particles with rotational inertia in periodic alternating fields
LI Ting, LI Jiajian, AI Baoquan
2025, 74 (24): 240501. doi: 10.7498/aps.74.20251142
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In active matter systems, external alternating fields, such as electric, magnetic, or optical fields, are widely used to regulate the motion and collective states of self-propelled particles. The presence of inertia introduces a delayed response to such fields, giving rise to complex collective dynamics. Nevertheless, how active particles with rotational inertia behave collectively under an unbiased periodic alternating field remains unclear. In this work, we conduct numerical simulations to study the collective behavior of such particles driven by a time-varying external torque that alternates symmetrically in direction.Our results show that the frequency of the alternating field plays a decisive role in shaping the collective state of the system. As the frequency increases, the system undergoes a series of different phase transitions. At low frequencies, the particles exhibit synchronized polar order. With frequency rising, inertial delay disrupts this synchronization, driving the system into a disordered state. When the field period matches the intrinsic rotational relaxation time of the particles, stable horizontal or vertical cross-flow bands emerge, within which groups of particles travel in opposite directions. At very high frequencies, the system develops nematic order, characterized by counter-propagating particle streams. The effective diffusion coefficient reaches its peak during the formation of alternating flow bands, indicating enhanced collective transport. These structural transitions are consistently captured by the evolution of global order parameters. In contrast, variations in the particle self-propulsion speed and repulsive interaction strength exert only minor influences on the collective states, highlighting the dominant role of the alternating field frequency. This study elucidates the fundamental mechanism through which periodic alternating fields regulate the collective behavior of inertial active particles via frequency tuning. The results offer new insights into the coupling between external driving fields and particle dynamics in non-equilibrium systems, with potential applications in the design of micromachines and active smart materials.

GENERAL

Periodic orbit analysis and DSP implementation of a novel memristor-based chaotic system with multiple coexisting phenomena
PAN Yijun, DONG Chengwei
2025, 74 (24): 240502. doi: 10.7498/aps.74.20251102
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Memristors exhibit controllable nonlinear characteristics, generating chaotic signals that are characterized by randomness, sensitivity, and unpredictability, thereby demonstrating significant potential applications in information encryption and signal processing. With the integration of chaos theory and electronic technology, constructing memristive hyperchaotic systems has become a hot topic in nonlinear science and information security. To overcome the limitation of monotonic dynamic characteristics in traditional chaotic systems, we design a novel memristor-based hyperchaotic system with richer dynamic behavior and higher application value in this paper. Moreover, the characteristic analysis, theoretical verification, application exploration, and hardware implementation are conducted to support the engineering applications of the system. Building upon the classical Chen system, this work is innovatively combined with a cubic nonlinear magnetically controlled memristor model as a feedback element. By establishing a mathematical model of the memristor and coupling it with the state equations of the Chen system, we design a four-dimensional memristor-based hyperchaotic system. First, by integrating numerical computation with differential equation theory, a comprehensive mathematical model is established to analyze fundamental properties, such as symmetry and dissipativity, thereby validating the system’s rationality. Second, the system’s dynamical behaviors are analyzed, including attractor phase diagrams, Lyapunov exponents, power spectra, parameter effects, transient dynamics, and coexisting attractors. Simultaneously, variational methods are utilized to analyze unstable periodic orbits within the system. A symbolic coding approach based on orbital characteristics is established to convert orbital information into symbolic sequences, and orbital pruning rules are explored to provide a basis for optimal orbital control. Furthermore, a digital image encryption method is proposed based on this system. Using chaotic sequences as keys, image pixels are scrambled and diffused. The effectiveness of encryption is validated through histogram analysis, correlation analysis, information entropy evaluation, and testing of anti-attack capabilities. Finally, a DSP-based digital circuit hardware platform is constructed to run the system, and the hardware experimental results are compared with software simulation outcomes. These findings reveal that the introduction of memristors induces linearly distributed equilibrium points in phase space, generating hidden attractors that enrich the chaotic behavior of the system. The simulation of dynamic behavior confirms the rich dynamics of this four-dimensional memristor-based hyperchaotic system. The proposed digital image encryption method demonstrates robust security performance. The DSP hardware experiments and software simulations yield highly consistent attractor phase diagrams, validating the correctness and feasibility of the system.

SPECIAL TOPIC—AI + Physical Science

Goal-property-guided material generation: Toward on-demand construction via inverse design of materials
LIU Zhanghe, CHEN Xinyu, ZHOU Qionghua, WANG Jinlan
2025, 74 (24): 240701. doi: 10.7498/aps.74.20250989
Abstract +
In recent years, the application of machine learning in materials science has significantly accelerated the discovery of new materials. In particular, when combined with traditional methods such as first-principles calculations, machine learning models have proven effective in screening potential high-performance materials from existing databases. However, these methods are largely limited by the known chemical spaces, making it difficult to achieve the active design of novel material structures. To overcome this limitation, generative models have become a promising tool for inverse material design, providing new avenues for exploring unknown structures and property spaces. Although existing generative models have achieved initial progress in crystal structure generation, achieving property-guided material generation remains a significant challenge. In this review paper, we first introduce the representative generative models recently applied to materials generation, including CDVAE, MatGAN, and MatterGen, and analyzes their basic abilities and limitations in structural generation. We then focus on strategies for incorporating target properties into generative models to generate the property-guided structure. Specifically, we discuss four representative methods: Con-CDVAE based on target property vectors, SCIGEN with integrated structural constraints and guidance mechanisms, a fine-tuned version of MatterGen leveraging adapter-based property control, and a CDVAE latent space optimization strategy guided by property objectives. Finally, we summarize the key challenges faced by property-guided generative models and provide an outlook on future research directions. This review aims to offer researchers a systematic reference and inspiration for advancing property-driven generative approaches in material design and provides researchers with a systematic reference and insight into the advancement of property-driven generative methods for materials design.

GENERAL

State-resolved electron capture in low-energy Ar2+-Ar/N2 collisions
CUI Shucheng, XING Dadi, ZHU Xiaolong, ZHAO Dongmei, GUO Dalong, GAO Yong, ZHANG Shaofeng, DONG Chenzhong, MA Xinwen
2025, 74 (24): 240702. doi: 10.7498/aps.74.20251146
Abstract +
As a fundamental process in atomic physics, charge exchange relies on quantum state-resolved data that is crucial for various fields such as astrophysics and plasma physics. However, there remains a gap in the research on multi-electron target systems. This study aims to investigate the dynamic mechanisms of single/double electron capture in collisions between Ar2+ ions and Ar atoms or N2 molecules at an energy of 40 keV, thereby supplementing high-precision experimental data in this field. The experiment is conducted on the electron beam ion source (EBIS) platform at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, using the cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIMS) technique. An ion beam containing ground-state Ar2+ (3s23p4 3P) and metastable Ar2+ (3s23p4 1D, 1S) is used as the projectile, colliding with a supersonic Ar/N2 mixed gas target. Three-dimensional momentum of recoil ions is reconstructed through coincidence measurements of recoil ions and scattered ions, and the Q-value and scattering angle distribution are calculated. Theoretical comparisons are performed using the molecular Coulombic over barrier model (MCBM).The results show that there are similarities in the populations of single-electron captured states between the two systems, but the contribution ratios are different: the Q-value spectrum of the Ar2+-Ar system contains an additional characteristic peak, which corresponds to the process where the projectile ion captures an electron from the 3s orbital of the target while its own 3s electron is excited to the 3p orbital. In contrast, this characteristic peak is absent in the Ar2+-N2 system due to the easy dissociation of excited $ \text{N}_{2}^{+} $ ions. For double-electron capture, both systems are dominated by capturing electrons to the ground state, but only the Ar2+-N2 system shows a significant contribution from excited state populations. The comparison of scattering angles reveals that the higher the capture state of the product ion, the larger the corresponding scattering angle is and the smaller the impact parameter is. This is presumably because electron interactions become more complex at smaller impact parameters, leading to a higher probability of capturing electrons to high-energy levels. In the double-electron capture of the Ar2+-N2 system, only the ground-state channel is populated at small angles (0–1.2 mrad). Additionally, electron capture exhibits dependence on impact parameter: as the angle increases (i.e. the impact parameter decreases), the Q-value of the capture reaction decreases, indicating that the reaction tends to be more endothermic.

THE PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS

Baryonic non-leptonic decays in covariant chiral effective field theory
ZHANG Wei, YANG Jifeng
2025, 74 (24): 241301. doi: 10.7498/aps.74.20250639
Abstract +
An unresolved issue in the study of baryon non-leptonic decays is that the theoretical values describing the s- and p-wave amplitudes of such decays cannot simultaneously accord well with experimental values. Compared with previous literature, this paper adopts the covariant chiral effective theory framework and calculates the one-loop corrections to the s- and p-wave amplitudes by using the extended minimal subtraction (EMS) scheme, and also takes into account the contributions from intermediate pion states that are neglected in previous studies (the contributions from intermediate decuplet states are not considered here). Unlike infrared regularization and the extended on-shell subtraction scheme, EMS is easier to implement and also avoids over-subtraction. Apart from the typical chiral logarithmic term mslnms obtained in heavy-baryon formalism, the covariant calculation retains many non-local contributions that are not negligible. These non-local contributions vary with loop diagrams and intermediate states, making the complete covariant results significantly different from those from the simple chiral logarithmic structures in heavy-baryon formalism, which may alleviate the tension between the s- and p-wave components of the decay amplitudes. Subsequent numerical analysis confirms this conjecture. Two approaches are adopted to obtain covariant theoretical predictions: s-wave fitting and p-wave fitting. According to the fitted predictions and chi-squares of fitness, the s-wave fitting yields s-wave predictions slightly inferior to those under heavy-baryon formalism, but the resulting p-wave predictions are considerably improved compared with the heavy-baryon formalism predictions. The p-wave fitting produces p-wave predictions closer to experimental values, while the heavy-baryon predictions differ significantly from the experimental values. The resulting s-wave predictions from p-wave fitting show noticeable discrepancies with experimental data, but the heavy-baryon predictions are even worse. Therefore, working in the covariant framework, the tension between s- and p-wave amplitudes for baryon non-leptonic decays is significantly alleviated in comparison with that in heavy-baryon formalism. In addition, it is found that the contributions from intermediate pion states may be neglected in many cases, but are important and must be kept for decays with smaller experimental values.

SPECIAL TOPIC—Semiconductor physics and devices

Customizing two-dimensional heterojunction with novel luminescent anisotropy using van der Waals engineering
WEN Ting, SU Ziluo, WANG Yalan, CAI Shuang, WU Jiaqi, QIN Jiaze, JIAO Chenyin, WANG Zenghui, ZHANG Zejuan, PEI Shenghai, XIA Juan
2025, 74 (24): 241302. doi: 10.7498/aps.74.20251120
Abstract +
Luminescence and anisotropy in two-dimensional (2D) materials have important implications for both fundamental material physics and potential applications such as polarized light-emitting devices. However, many natural-occuring 2D materials typically exhibit either luminescence or anisotropy, but not both. In this work, we utilize van der Waals (vdW) engineering to construct a heterostructure (HS) with anisotropic luminescent properties, which is composed of isotropic monolayer (1L) MoS2 (with strong intrinsic luminescence) and low-symmetry NbIrTe4 (strong anisotropy without photoluminescence). Experimentally, we characterize the optical response of the HS by using angle-resolved PL spectroscopy. The results indicate that the intrinsic anisotropic potential field of NbIrTe4 at the interface effectively breaks the in-plane isotropic symmetry of MoS2, inducing a pronounced polarization-dependent emission of A and B excitons. The anisotropy ratio is enhanced to ~1.58, corresponding to a linear polarization degree of approximately 22%. This work provides new insights into 2D interfacial coupling and offers useful guidance for the design and engineering of next-generation high-performance, tunable polarized light-emitting devices.
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