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Charge transfer processes in ion-matter interactions are crucial for ion beam-driven high-energy density physics, material irradiation damage, and charge state stripping in accelerator techniques. Here we generate carbon ion beams in the MeV energy range through target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) mechanism, and measure the average charge state of 1.5–4.5 MeV carbon ion beams passing through porous C9H16O8 foam with a volume density of 2 mg/cm3. The measured average charge states are compared with the average equilibrium charge-states predicted by semi-empirical formula and rate equation. The results show that the predictions from the rate equation that fully considers the ionization, capture, excitation, and de-excitation processes are in good agreement with experimental results. The prediction from the rate equation by using gas target cross-section data underestimates the experimental data, because the target density effect caused by the solid fiber filaments in the foam-structured target increases the ionization probability through frequent collisions, reduces the electron capture probability, and thus leads to an enhancement of ion charge states. In the projectile energy range above 3 MeV, the experimental data agree with the predictions from the rate equation using solid-target cross-section data. However, a significant deviation emerges in the energy region below 3 MeV due to the fact that in this energy range, the lifetime of ion excited states is shorter than the collisional time scale. In this case, excited electrons have time to de-excite the ground state before the second collision occurs. Consequently, the target density effects are weakened, and the charge states are reduced. The experimental results agree well with predictions from the ETACHA code that considers excitation and de-excitation processes in detail. This work provides the data and references for better understanding ion-matter interactions and distinguishing various charge exchange models.
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Keywords:
- laser acceleration /
- carbon ion beam /
- charge transfer /
- target density effects
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图 1 皮秒激光聚焦在铜箔上, 通过TNSA机制产生强流碳离子束. 使用与IP耦合的双通道TPS记录穿过泡沫靶和空靶的碳离子能谱
Figure 1. Experimental setup. A picosecond laser is focused onto a copper foil, generating an intense carbon ion beam through the TNSA mechanism. The energy spectra of carbon ions passing through the foam target and the empty hole are measured with a dual-channel TPS coupled to the IP.
图 2 激光加速的碳离子分布 (a) 穿过空靶的能谱分布; (b) 穿过泡沫靶的能谱分布; (c) 穿过空靶的电荷分布; (d) 穿过泡沫靶的电荷分布
Figure 2. Carbon ions distribution of laser-accelerated: (a) The energy spectra of passing through without target; (b) the energy spectra of passing through foam target; (c) charge state distribution of passing through without foam; (d) charge state distribution of passing through foam target.
图 3 碳离子穿过泡沫靶前后的平均电荷态实验值
Figure 3. Experimental data of average charge state of carbon ions before and after passing foam target.
图 4 测量的平均电荷态与理论预测值的比较 (a)与半经验模型比较; (b)与通过求解速率方程得出的预测值的比较. 实验数据是两发次的平均值, 其中能量误差为TPS对各电荷态碳离子能量分辨的最小值, 电荷态误差源于实验统计误差和发次抖动误差
Figure 4. Comparison of measured average charge states with theoretical predictions: (a) The comparison with semiempirical models; (b) the comparison with predictions through solving rate equations. The experimental data are averaged over two shots, the error bars of energy represent the energy resolution of the TPS for the ion species that has the lowest resolution, the error bars of the average charge state originate from the statistical errors and shot-to-shot fluctuations
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