Properties of off-axis helical long-period fiber gratings

Wang Jian; Ma Chao; Wang Dong-Hui; Meng Ling-Zhi; Wang Hong-Ye; Yuan Li-Bo

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230415

Abstract

In this paper, a new four-electrode arc discharge device with large constant temperature region is designed, which is used to prepared high-quality off-axis helical long-period fiber grating. The larger constant temperature heating area is more conducive to releasing the stress of optical fiber, so that the prepared device is less off-axis. In order to show that low off-axis is a key parameter of high-quality off-axis helical long-period fiber grating, the effects of single mode fiber on transmission spectrum of off-axis helical long-period fiber grating under different coupling lengths, pitches, core refractive indexes, cladding refractive indexes, core diameters, cladding diameters and off-axis quantity are simulated by using beam propagation method. Since traditional methods are difficult to measure the off-axis helical long-period fiber grating with small off-axis quantity, the off-axis quantity of the prepared device is estimated by using the method of spectral comparison and back-thrust off-axis quantity in this work. The off-axis helical long-period fiber grating is prepared by using the established processing device. The off-axis quantities of the prepared devices are about 0.12, 0.13 and 0.16 µm, respectively, according to the comparison between the simulated transmission spectrum and the actual spectrum. Finally, experiments on the torsional resistance and repeatability of the off-axis helical long-period fiber grating prepared by the device are carried out. The experimental results show that the prepared grating has certain torsional resistance and good spectral repeatability.

Keywords:

off-axis helical long period fiber grating /
four-electrode arc method /
large constant temperature field /
off-axis value

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
2.
Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China

Corresponding author: Yuan Li-Bo, lbyuan@vip.sina.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61827819, 62265004) and the Bagui Scholars Program of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (Grant No. 2019A38).

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References

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[2]	Xu H X, Yang L 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 1978 Google Scholar
[3]	Zhu C L, Wang L, Zhao H, Bing Z H, Zhao Y, Li H P 2022 Opt. Commun. 503 127452 Google Scholar
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[6]	Liu Y Q, Liu Q, Chiang K S 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 1726 Google Scholar
[7]	Ryu H S, Park Y, Oh S T, Chung Y, Kim D Y 2003 Opt. Lett. 28 155 Google Scholar
[8]	Wang Y P, Xiao L M, Wang D N, Jin W 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 1035 Google Scholar
[9]	Fu C, Ni Y Q, Sun T, Wang Y, Ding S, Vidakovic M 2021 Adv. Struct. Eng. 24 1248 Google Scholar
[10]	Zhao Y Y, Liu S, Luo J X, Chen Y P, Fu C L, Xiong C, Wang Y, Jing S Y, Bai Z Y, Liao C R, Wang Y P 2020 J. Lightwave Technol. 38 2504 Google Scholar
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[20]	Zhao H, Li H P 2021 Photonics 8 106 Google Scholar
[21]	Shao L P, Liu S, Zhou M, Huang Z, Bao W J, Bai Z Y, Liu Z, Zhu G X, Sun Z Y, Zhong J L, Wang Y P 2021 Opt. Express 29 43371 Google Scholar
[22]	Mizushima R, Detani T, Zhu C L, Wang P, Zhao H, Li H P 2021 J. Lightwave. Technol. 39 3269 Google Scholar
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[30]	Liu S, Zhou M, Zhang Z, Sun Z Y, Bai Z Y, Wang Y P 2022 Opt. Lett. 47 2602 Google Scholar
[31]	Fu C, Wang Y P, Liu S, Bai Z Y, Liao C, He J, Wang Y P 2019 Sensors 19 4473 Google Scholar
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[34]	Liu S, Zhou M, Shao L P, Zhang Z, Bai Z Y, Wang Y P 2022 Opt. Express 30 21085 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 (a) 大恒温区的四电极电弧放电OAH-LPFG加工装置; (b) OAH-LPFG结构; (c) OAH-LPFG的某一横截面; (d) 四电极加工装置结构; (e) 二电极加工装置结构

Figure 1. (a) Four electrodes arc discharge OAH-LPFG processing device in large constant temperature region; (b) OAH-LPFG structure; (c) a cross section of OAH-LPFG; (d) structure of the four-electrode machining device; (e) structure of the two-electrode machining device.

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图 2 (a) 四电极未进行电弧放电时红外热像仪拍摄的温度图; (b) 四电极电弧放电加热光纤图; (c) 四电极电弧放电加热光纤时, 红外热像仪拍摄的温度图; (d) 四电极电弧放电时, 光纤加热区域最高温度的波动情况

Figure 2. (a) Temperature map taken by infrared thermal imager when arc discharge is not carried out on four electrodes; (b) four-electrode arc discharge heating fiber diagram; (c) temperature map taken by infrared thermal imager when the optical fiber is heated by four-electrode arc discharge; (d) fluctuation of the maximum temperature in the optical fiber heating region during the four-electrode arc discharge.

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图 3 (a) 光纤中模式有效折射率随波长的变化. 不同光栅周期Λ及耦合长度L_c的透射光谱　(b) Λ = 900 µm, L_c = 50 mm; (c) Λ = 700 µm, L_c = 29 mm; (d) Λ = 600 µm, L_c = 17.1 mm

Figure 3. (a) Pattern effective refractive index changes with wavelength in fiber. Transmission spectrum with different grating period and coupling length: (b) Λ = 900 µm, L_c = 50 mm; (c) Λ = 700 µm, L_c = 29 mm; (d) Λ = 600 µm, L_c = 17.1 mm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 不同离轴量的模式耦合过程对比图　(a) 0.12 µm离轴量; (b) 0.24 µm离轴量

Figure 4. Comparison diagram of mode coupling processes for different off-axis quantities: (a) 0.12 µm off-axis quantity; (b) 0.24 µm off-axis quantity.

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图 5 OAH-LPFG参数与透射光谱的关系　(a)耦合长度L_c; (b) 螺距$ \varLambda $; (c)纤芯折射率n_co; (d)包层折射率n_cl; (e)纤芯直径d_co; (f)包层直径d_cl. 透射光谱与离轴量d的关系　(g) OAH-LPFG的$ {\text{OA}}{{\text{M}}_{{\text{1,2}}}} $模式; (h) OAH-LPFG的$ {\text{OA}}{{\text{M}}_{{\text{1,4}}}} $模式

Figure 5. Relation between OAH-LPFG parameters and transmission spectrum: (a) Coupling length L_c; (b) pitch $ \varLambda $; (c) core refractive index n_co; (d) cladding refractive index n_cl; (e) core diameter d_co; (f) cladding diameter d_cl. Relationship between transmission spectrum and off-axis quantity d: (g) OAH-LPFG $ {\text{OA}}{{\text{M}}_{{\text{1,2}}}} $ mode; (h) OAH-LPFG $ {\text{OA}}{{\text{M}}_{{\text{1,4}}}} $ mode.

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图 6 OAH-LPFG参数对透射光谱非耦合区的影响　(a)耦合长度L_c; (b)螺距$ \varLambda $; (c)纤芯折射率n_co; (d) 包层折射率n_cl; (e)纤芯直径d_co; (f) 包层直径d_cl. 透射光谱非耦合区与离轴量d的关系　(g) OAH-LPFG的$ {\text{OA}}{{\text{M}}_{{\text{1,2}}}} $模式; (h) OAH-LPFG的$ {\text{OA}}{{\text{M}}_{{\text{1,4}}}} $模式

Figure 6. Influence of OAH-LPFG parameters on the uncoupled region of transmission spectrum: (a) Coupling length L_c; (b) pitch $ \varLambda $; (c) core refractive index n_co; (d) cladding refractive index n_cl; (e) core diameter d_co; (f) cladding diameter d_cl. Relationship between the uncoupled region of transmission spectrum and the off-axis quantity d: (g) OAH-LPFG $ {\text{OA}}{{\text{M}}_{{\text{1,2}}}} $ mode; (h) OAH-LPFG $ {\text{OA}}{{\text{M}}_{{\text{1,4}}}} $ mode

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图 7 基于四电极电弧得到的不同周期下制备的OAH-LPFG透射光谱　(a) 870 µm; (b) 750 µm; (c) 645 µm. (d) 透射光谱在1.21—1.30 µm波长范围的插入损耗及波动情况

Figure 7. OAH-LPFG transmission spectrum obtained based on four-electrode arc: (a) 870 µm; (b) 750 µm; (c) 645 µm. (d) Insertion loss and fluctuation of transmission spectrum in the range of wavelength 1.21–1.30 µm.

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图 8 未被加工光纤与OAH-LPFG离轴量d的显微镜照片(a) 未被加工光纤; (b) 周期870 µm OAH-LPFG; (c) 周期750 µm OAH-LPFG; (d) 周期645 µm OAH-LPFG

Figure 8. Microscope observation of the unprocessed fiber and OAH-LPFG off-axis quantity d: (a) Unprocessed fiber; (b) periodic 870 µm OAH-LPFG; (c) periodic 750 µm OAH-LPFG; (d) periodic 645 µm OAH-LPFG.

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图 9 匹配的透射光谱　(a) 周期870 µm; (b) 周期750 µm; (c) 周期645 µm

Figure 9. Matched transmission spectra: (a) Period of 870 µm; (b) period of 750 µm; (c) period of 645 µm.

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图 10 (a) 康宁单模光纤的横截面的显微图像; (b) 康宁单模光纤在光波长532 nm下测得的三维折射率轮廓图; (c) 10个离轴螺旋长周期光栅样品的透射光谱图

Figure 10. (a) A microscopic image of a cross section of Corning single mode fiber; (b) 3D refractive index profile of corning single-mode fiber measured at optical wavelength 532 nm; (c) transmission spectra of 10 samples of off-axis helical long-period grating.

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图 11 (a) 重复实验中光栅样品耦合峰波长的变化; (b) 重复实验中光栅样品耦合峰损耗的变化

Figure 11. (a) Change of coupling peak wavelength of grating samples in repeated experiment; (b) change of coupling peak loss of grating samples in repeated experiments.

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图 12 (a) 单模光纤横截面图; (b) 单模光纤扭转后的纵向截面图; (c) 偏芯光纤横截面图; (d) 偏芯光纤扭转后的纵向截面图

Figure 12. (a) Cross section of single-mode fiber; (b) longitudinal cross-section of single-mode fiber after torsion; (c) cross-sectional diagram of eccentric fiber; (d) longitudinal cross-section of the eccentric fiber after torsion.

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图 13 (a) 单模光纤扭转时断的情况, 最大波动为4.54 rad/m; (b) 偏芯光纤扭转时断的情况, 最大波动为4.01 rad/m

Figure 13. (a) Breakage of single-mode fiber during torsion, and the maximum fluctuation is 4.54 rad/m; (b) breakage of eccentric fiber during torsion, and the maximum fluctuation is 4.01 rad/m.

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图 14 (a) 顺时针时不同扭转角度的耦合峰的的透射光谱; (b) 顺时针时波长与扭曲率的依赖关系; (c) 逆时针时不同扭转角度耦合峰的透射光谱; (d) 逆时针时波长与扭曲率的依赖关系

Figure 14. (a) Transmission spectra of coupling peaks with different torsion angles in clockwise direction; (b) dependence of clockwise wavelength on the distortion rate; (c) transmission spectra of coupling peaks with different torsion angles in counterclockwise direction; (d) dependence of counterclockwise wavelength on the distortion rate.

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表 1 计算参数

Table 1. Calculation parameter.

耦合长度 L_c/µm	螺距 $\varLambda$/µm	纤芯折射率 n_co	包层折射率 n_cl	纤芯直径d_co/µm	包层直径d_cl/µm	离轴量 d/µm
18995—17245	870	1.461	1.457	8.7	125	0.3
15495	820—890	1.461	1.457	8.7	125	0.3
18495	870	1.4606—1.4613	1.457	8.7	125	0.3
18195	870	1.461	1.4566—1.4573	8.7	125	0.3
17745	870	1.461	1.457	8.6—9.3	125	0.3
18995	870	1.461	1.457	8.7	124.6—125.3	0.3
19495, 13245, 10245, 8045, 7095, 6345, 5795, 5495	870	1.461	1.457	8.7	125	0.30—1.35
9095, 7798, 6745, 5545, 5545, 5145, 4845, 4595	680	1.461	1.457	8.7	125	0.30—0.65

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表 2 不同制备方法制备OAH-LPFG比较^{[18,19,25,27,33,34]}

Table 2. Comparison of OAH-LPFG prepared by different preparation methods^{[18,19,25,27,33,34]}.

结构	制备方法	透射光谱的最小损耗	说明
单模光纤螺旋长周期光纤光栅	CO₂激光	> 1 dB^[18] < 1 dB^[19]	优点: 灵活、高品质; 缺点: 光路调试麻烦、昂贵
	氢氧火焰	< 1 dB^[33] ≈ 1 dB^[34]	优点: 加热面积较宽, 加热温度均匀; 缺点: 氢气有一定危险性
	二电极电弧放电	> 1 dB^[25] > 1 dB^[27]	优点: 简单灵活; 缺点: 恒温区较窄
	四电极电弧放电	< 1 dB	优点: 简单灵活、大恒温区、价格便宜; 缺点: 电弧需进一步优化

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map

[1]	Yang L, Xue L L, Su J, Qian J R 2011 Chin. Opt. Lett. 9 070603 Google Scholar
[2]	Xu H X, Yang L 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 1978 Google Scholar
[3]	Zhu C L, Wang L, Zhao H, Bing Z H, Zhao Y, Li H P 2022 Opt. Commun. 503 127452 Google Scholar
[4]	Rao X F, Yang L, Su J, Ban Q M, Deng X, Wang W 2022 Opt. Lett. 47 5758 Google Scholar
[5]	Ma C, Wang D, Deng H, Yuan L B 2022 Opt. Fiber. Technol. 73 103019 Google Scholar
[6]	Liu Y Q, Liu Q, Chiang K S 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 1726 Google Scholar
[7]	Ryu H S, Park Y, Oh S T, Chung Y, Kim D Y 2003 Opt. Lett. 28 155 Google Scholar
[8]	Wang Y P, Xiao L M, Wang D N, Jin W 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 1035 Google Scholar
[9]	Fu C, Ni Y Q, Sun T, Wang Y, Ding S, Vidakovic M 2021 Adv. Struct. Eng. 24 1248 Google Scholar
[10]	Zhao Y Y, Liu S, Luo J X, Chen Y P, Fu C L, Xiong C, Wang Y, Jing S Y, Bai Z Y, Liao C R, Wang Y P 2020 J. Lightwave Technol. 38 2504 Google Scholar
[11]	Liu Y, Yuan L B 2020 Optik 223 165557 Google Scholar
[12]	Gao K Y, Zhang Z, Huang B, Hao H, Zhao H, Wang P, Li H P 2022 J Opt. Soc. Am. B 39 1075 Google Scholar
[13]	Shen X, Hu X W, Yang L Y, Dai N L, Wu J J, Zhang F F, Peng J G, Li H Q, Li J Y 2017 Opt. Express 25 10405 Google Scholar
[14]	Jiang C, Liu Y Q, Zhao Y H, Mou C B, Wang T Y 2019 J. Lightwave Technol. 37 889 Google Scholar
[15]	Ma C, Wang J, Yuan L B 2021 Photonics 8 193 Google Scholar
[16]	Rao Y J, Wang Y P, Ran Z L, Zhu T 2003 J. Lightwave Technol. 21 1320 Google Scholar
[17]	Wang Y P, Chen J P, Rao Y J 2005 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 22 1167 Google Scholar
[18]	Zhang L, Liu Y, Cao X, Wang T 2016 IEEE Sens. J. 16 4253 Google Scholar
[19]	Kong X D, Ren K L, Ren L Y, Liang J, Ju H J 2017 Appl. Opt. 56 4702 Google Scholar
[20]	Zhao H, Li H P 2021 Photonics 8 106 Google Scholar
[21]	Shao L P, Liu S, Zhou M, Huang Z, Bao W J, Bai Z Y, Liu Z, Zhu G X, Sun Z Y, Zhong J L, Wang Y P 2021 Opt. Express 29 43371 Google Scholar
[22]	Mizushima R, Detani T, Zhu C L, Wang P, Zhao H, Li H P 2021 J. Lightwave. Technol. 39 3269 Google Scholar
[23]	Ren K L, Ren L Y, Liang J, Kong X D, Ju H J, Xu Y P, Wu Z X 2016 Appl. Opt. 55 9675 Google Scholar
[24]	Liu W, Duan S, Du H, Jiang H, Sun C, Jin X, Zhao L, Geng T, Tong C, Yuan L B 2019 J. Mod. Optic. 66 1215 Google Scholar
[25]	Sun B, Wei W, Liao C, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Chen M Y, Wang Y 2017 IEEE Photonic. Tech. L. 29 873 Google Scholar
[26]	Bai Y, He Z, Bai J, Dang S 2021 Appl. Phys. B 127 1 Google Scholar
[27]	Liu Y, Deng H, Yuan L B 2019 Opt. Fiber. Technol. 52 101950 Google Scholar
[28]	Tachikura M 1984 Appl. Opt. 23 492 Google Scholar
[29]	Xu H X, Yang L, Han Z F, Qian J R 2013 Opt. Commun. 291 207 Google Scholar
[30]	Liu S, Zhou M, Zhang Z, Sun Z Y, Bai Z Y, Wang Y P 2022 Opt. Lett. 47 2602 Google Scholar
[31]	Fu C, Wang Y P, Liu S, Bai Z Y, Liao C, He J, Wang Y P 2019 Sensors 19 4473 Google Scholar
[32]	Ma M, Lian Y, Wang Y P, Lu Z 2021 Front. Phys. 9 773505 Google Scholar
[33]	Li Z L, Liu S, Bai Z Y, Fu C L, Zhang Y, Sun Z Y, Liu X Y, Wang Y P 2018 Opt. Express 26 24114 Google Scholar
[34]	Liu S, Zhou M, Shao L P, Zhang Z, Bai Z Y, Wang Y P 2022 Opt. Express 30 21085 Google Scholar

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[18]	Wang Yi-Ping, Rao Yun-Jiang, Ran Zeng-Ling, Zhu Tao. Unique characteristics of long-period fibre gratings fabricated by high-freque ncy CO2 laser pulses. Acta Physica Sinica, 2003, 52(6): 1432-1437. doi: 10.7498/aps.52.1432
[19]	Zhang Dong-Sheng, Jiang Li, Zhang Wei-Gang, Li Li-Jun, Fan Wan-De, Yuan Shu-Zhong, Kai Gui-Yun, Dong Xiao-Yi. The relationship between the resonant wavelength of the long period fiber grati ng and its exposure. Acta Physica Sinica, 2003, 52(12): 3087-3091. doi: 10.7498/aps.52.3087
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Vol. 72, Issue 13 - 2023-07-05

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