Recent progress in design and fabrication of novel long-period fiber grating

Zhang Wei-Gang; Zhang Yan-Xin; Geng Peng-Cheng; Wang Biao; Li Xiao-Lan; Wang Song; Yan Tie-Yi

doi:10.7498/aps.66.070704

Abstract

Long-period fiber grating (LPFG) is a kind of wide-range transmission passive photonic device with extensive applications in the field of fiber communication and fiber sensing. In this review, from the angle of refractive index spatial modulation, we extract three characteristic parameters of LPFG:grating period length, index modulated depth and normal orientation of grating plane, and classify LPFG as two types:uniform LPFG (none of these three parameters changes) and nonuniform LPFG (at least one of them changes), and analyze the deficiency of LPFG, including larger size than fiber Bragg grating, no reflection peak, too large bandwidth, polarization loss from single-side exposure, etc. We define the concept of novel LPFG (NLPFG) as the LPFGs based on general LPFG but having new structures and new characters by importing new factors from different aspects, like grating formed mechanism, grating structure, making material, processing technique, application performance, etc. Then we point out that the research significance of NLPFG lies in improving and exploring its real usable property, and making it practical by overcoming the defects of general LPFG in structure, property and application. We expound new techniques of LPFG fabrication, such as multi-exposure, apodized exposure, outfield action, coating and filling, fiber incised and welded, multi-dimensional modulation, and show some NLPFG examples written with these techniques. We build the spatial model of NLPFG to expand the refraction index modulation region from only fiber core to both core and cladding, and to correctly mark the direction of grating plane with tilted angle and azimuth angle. On this basis, we propose the design theory of NLPFG by adding those two angles into the coupling mode coefficient and solving the coupling mode equation. We also expound three different NLPFG design processes, as the direct design to start from given factors of grating, the reserve design to calculate the factors back from expected function or spectrum, and the direct-reserve design combined by them. Meanwhile, we introduce some typical design methods of NLPFG, like geometrical structure changed method, materials changed method, medium coated and embedded method, etc. In addition, we review the recent fabrication and typical application of NLPFG, then introduce different LPFG devices based on excentric core LPFG, multi-core LPFG, few-mode LPFG, stagger LPFG, mismatched LPFG, over-melted LPFG, phase-shift LPFG, tuning LPFG, coupled LPFG and cascaded LPFG, and show their sensing applications in strain, twisting, bending, temperature, displacement, gas concentration and biology. Finally, we provide a developing prospect of the research on NLPFG and give three possible means to improve the research, as innovating new gating structures, exploring new design methods and developing new fabrication techniques.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China;
2.
School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China;
3.
46th Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Tianjin 300220, China;
4.
School of Science, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Wei-Gang, zhangwg@nankai.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11274181, 10974100, 61405179), the Doctoral Scientific Fund Project of the Ministry of Education, China (Grant No. 20120031110033), the Key Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin, China (Grant No. 15JCZDJC39800), and the Development Project Cooperated Between University and Enterprise, China (Grant No. C201605013).

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[64]	Sakata H, Wakamiya K, Sasaki S 2014 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 26 904
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[66]	Caucheteur C, Debliquy M, Lahem D, Mgret P 2008 Opt. Exp. 16 16854
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Cited By

[1]	Zhang W G 2012 Principle and Applications of Fiber Optics (Beijing:Tsinghua University Press) p164(in Chinese)[张伟刚2012光纤光学原理及应用(北京:清华大学出版社)第164页]
[2]	Vengsarkar A M, Pedrazzani J R, Judkins J B, et al. 1996 Opt. Lett. 21 336
[3]	Bai Z Y, Zhang W G, Gao S C, Zhang H, Wang L, Liu Y J, Yan T Y 2014 J. Opt. 16 045401
[4]	Zhang W G 2012 Principle and Applications of Fiber Optics (Beijing:Tsinghua University Press) pp165-166(in Chinese)[张伟刚2012光纤光学原理及应用(北京:清华大学出版社)第165166页]
[5]	Wei S L, Zhang W G, Fan H J, Geng P C, Shang J B, Yin L M, Xue X L 2011 Acta Opt. Sin. 31 0806006 (in Chinese)[魏石磊, 张伟刚, 范弘建, 耿鹏程, 尚佳彬, 殷丽梅, 薛晓琳2011光学学报31 0806006]
[6]	Zhu T, Rao Y J, Mo Q J 2005 Acta Photon. Sin. 34 1697 (in Chinese)[朱涛, 饶云江, 莫秋菊2005光子学报34 1697]
[7]	Wu Z G, Dong X Y, Zhang W G, Yuan S Z 2002 Acta Nankai Univ. 35 10 (in Chinese)[武志刚, 董孝义, 张伟刚, 袁树忠2002南开大学学报35 10]
[8]	Shang R B, Zhang W G, Zhu W B, Geng P C, Li X N, Cao Q X, Zen X 2013 J. Opt. 15 075402
[9]	Li X L, Zhang X L, Chen L, Yan T Y 2015 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 27 1946
[10]	Chiavaioli F, Trono C, Baldini F 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 231109
[11]	Vengsarkar A M, Lemaire P J, Judkins J B Tech. Dig. OFC'95, paper PD4-2
[12]	Zhang W G, Dong X Y 2003 J. Optoelectron. Laser 14 939 (in Chinese)[张伟刚, 董孝义2003光电子激光14 939]
[13]	Fan H J, Zhang W G, Yan A D, Jiang M, Qu K N, Wang S W, Wang K 2010 Chin. J. Lasers 37 1547 (in Chinese)[范弘建, 张伟刚, 颜爱东, 姜萌, 屈柯楠, 王思文, 王恺2010中国激光37 1547]
[14]	Yoon M S, Kim H J, Kim S J, Han Y G 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 2669
[15]	Tan Y Z, Sun L P, Jin L, Li J, Guan B O 2013 Opt. Exp. 21 154
[16]	Fu M Y, Lin G R, Liu W F, Wu C W 2011 Opt. Rev. 18 93
[17]	Davis D D, Gaylord T K, Glytsis E N, et al. 1998 Electron. Lett. 34 302
[18]	Lin C Y, Wang L A, Chern G W 2001 J. Lightwave Technol. 19 1159
[19]	Miao R, Zhao J H, Dai Y T 2006 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18 1949
[20]	Bock W J, Chen J H, Mikulic P 2007 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 56 1176
[21]	Cui Z Q, Zhang W G, Liu F, Zhang H, Bai Z Y, Geng P C, Gao S C 2013 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 25 1961
[22]	Zhou Q, Zhang W G, Chen L, Bai Z Y, Zhang L Y, Wang L, Wang B, Yan T Y 2015 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 27 713
[23]	Zhang W G 2012 Principle and Applications of Fiber Optics (Beijing:Tsinghua University Press) pp198-199(in Chinese)[张伟刚2012光纤光学原理及应用(北京:清华大学出版社)第198199页]
[24]	Zhang W G 2016 Novel Fiber Grating:Design, Technology and Application (Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) p120(in Chinese)[张伟刚2016新型光纤光栅设计、技术及应用(上海:上海交通大学出版社)第120页]
[25]	Zhang W G 2007 Prog. Phys. 27 449 (in Chinese)[张伟刚2007物理学进展27 449]
[26]	Zhang W G, Tu Q C, Sun L, Kai G Y, Yuan S J, Dong X Y 2004 Prog. Phys. 24 398 (in Chinese)[张伟刚, 涂勤昌, 孙磊, 开桂云, 袁树忠, 董孝义2004物理学进展24 398]
[27]	Zhang W G 2016 Novel Fiber Grating:Design, Technology and Application (Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) pp32-36(in Chinese)[张伟刚2016新型光纤光栅设计、技术及应用(上海:上海交通大学出版社)第3236页]
[28]	Lu S H, Feng S C, Ning T G 2011 Int. Conf. Electron. Optoelectron. 4 V4247
[29]	Wang R K, Rao Y J, Zhu T, Gu Y J 2007 Acta Opt. Sin. 27 1409 (in Chinese)[王若崑, 饶云江, 朱涛, 谷彦菊2007光学学报27 1409]
[30]	Grubsky V, Feinberg J 2006 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18 2296
[31]	Zhu T, Rao Y J, Wang J L 2007 Chin. Phys. Lett. 24 1971
[32]	Melo M, Marques P V S 2013 Photon. Sens. 3 81
[33]	Wang X, Yang J, Yuan L B 2010 Chin. J. Lasers 37 1473 (in Chinese)[王雪, 杨军, 苑立波2010中国激光37 1473]
[34]	Sakata H, Yamahata K 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 1250
[35]	Li B, Liu Y, Tan Z W, Xu O, Lu S H, Jian S S 2008 Acta Opt. Sin. 28 414(in Chinese)[李彬, 刘艳, 谭中伟, 许鸥, 鲁韶华, 简水生2008光学学报28 414]
[36]	Shang R B, Zhang W G, Zhu W B, Geng P C, Li X N, Cao X, Zen X 2013 J. Opt. 15 075402
[37]	Lus C, Jos L S, Diana V, Jos M 2016 J. Lightwave Technol. 34 2533
[38]	Lee C L, Liu L W 2009 8th Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Shanghai, China, August 31-September 3, 1
[39]	Bai Z Y, Zhang W G, Gao S C, Geng P C, Zhang H, Li J L, Liu F 2013 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 25 2111
[40]	Zhong X Y, Wang Y P, Liao C R, Yin G L, Zhou J T, Wang G J, Sun B, Tang J 2014 IEEE Photons. J. 6 2201508
[41]	Geng P C 2013 Ph. D. Dissertation (Tianjin:Nankai University) (in Chinese)[耿鹏程2013博士学位论文(天津:南开大学)]
[42]	Zhu T, Song Y, Rao Y J, Zhu Y 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 4738 (in Chinese)[朱涛, 宋韵, 饶云江, 朱永2009 58 4738]
[43]	Gao R, Jiang Y, Jiang L 2014 Opt. Exp. 22 15697
[44]	Yin B, Bai Y L, Qi Y H, Feng S C, Jian S S 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 214213 (in Chinese)[尹彬, 柏云龙, 齐艳辉, 冯素春, 简水生2013 62 214213]
[45]	Zhang W G 2016 Novel Fiber Grating:Design, Technology and Application (Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) p92(in Chinese)[张伟刚2016新型光纤光栅设计、技术及应用(上海:上海交通大学出版社)第92页]
[46]	Zhang W G 2016 Novel Fiber Grating:Design, Technology and Application (Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) p93(in Chinese)[张伟刚2016新型光纤光栅设计、技术及应用(上海:上海交通大学出版社)第93页]
[47]	Westbrook P S, Eggleton B J, Windeler R S 2000 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12 495
[48]	Han Q, Lan X. W, Huang J, Kaur A, Wei T, Gao Z, Xiao H 2012 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24 1130
[49]	Zhang J, Tang X L, Dong J H, Wei T, Xiao H 2008 Opt. Exp. 16 8317
[50]	Kerbage C, Windeler R S, Eggleton B J, Mach P, Dolinski M, Rogers J A 2002 Opt. Commun. 204 179
[51]	Li J, Zhang W G, Du J B, Jiang M, Zhang Q, Liu Y P, Liu Z L, Qu K N, Liu Y G, Wang Z 2009 Chin. J. Lasers 36 705 (in Chinese)[李蜻, 张伟刚, 杜江兵, 姜萌, 张绮, 刘亚萍, 刘卓琳, 屈柯楠, 刘艳格, 王志2009中国激光36 705]
[52]	Guan C Y, Tian X Z, Li S Q, Zhong X, Shi J H, Yuan L B 2013 Sens Actuator B:Chem. 188 768
[53]	Wang B 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Tianjin:Nankai University) (in Chinese)[王标2016博士学位论文(天津:南开大学)]
[54]	Saffari P, Allsop T, Adebayo A, Webb D, Haynes R, Roth M 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 3508
[55]	Wang B, Zhang W G, Bai Z Y, Wang L, Zhang L Y, Zhou Q, Chen L, Yan T Y 2015 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 27 145
[56]	Fan H J, Zhang W G, Li X L, Wei S L, Yan A D, Wang K 2011 Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 53 1470
[57]	Geng P C, Zhang W G, Gao S C, Zhang H, Li J L, Zhang S S, Bai Z Y, Wang L 2012 Opt. Exp. 20 28557
[58]	Bai Z Y, Zhang W G, Gao S C, Zhang H, Wang, Liu F 2015 Opt. Fiber Technol. 21 110
[59]	Bai Z Y, Zhang W G, Gao S C, Wang L 2014 Optoelectron. Lett. 10 0176
[60]	Zhang W G 2016 Novel Fiber Grating:Design, Technology and Application (Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) p108(in Chinese)[张伟刚2016新型光纤光栅设计、技术及应用(上海:上海交通大学出版社)第108页]
[61]	Li X L, Zhang W G, Ruan J, Zhang S S 2012 Electron. Lett. 48 235
[62]	Li X L, Zhang W G, Chen L, Yan T Y 2015 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 27 1946
[63]	Sakata H, Nishio K, Ichikawa M 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 1061
[64]	Sakata H, Wakamiya K, Sasaki S 2014 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 26 904
[65]	Fang L, Jia H Z 2014 Opt. Exp. 22 11488
[66]	Caucheteur C, Debliquy M, Lahem D, Mgret P 2008 Opt. Exp. 16 16854
[67]	Dandapat K, Tripathi S M, Chinifooroshan Y, Bock W J, Mikulic P 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 4198

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Vol. 66, Issue 7 - 2017-04-05

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