Effects of wind and rainfall on ambient noise in the East Indian Ocean

Liu Yun-Feng; Li Zheng-Lin; Qin Ji-Xing; Wu Shuang-Lin; Wang Meng-Yuan; Zhou Jiang-Tao

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20220615

Abstract

The wind speed and rainfall rate above the sea surface have significant effects on the ocean ambient noise, and the noise level can be predicted by using the ocean ambient noise model combined with wind speed and rainfall rate parameters. In this work, we study the ambient noise characteristics in the East Indian Ocean and analyze the influences of wind speed and rainfall rate on the ocean ambient noise. The results show that the correlation coefficient between high-band noise level and wind speed could reach 0.59 in the absence of rainfall, that the correlation coefficient between high-band noise level and rainfall rate can reach 0.85 in the presence of rainfall, and that the strong rainfall can increase the high-band ambient noise level by more than 6 dB. The wind-generated noise source level formula is also modified to make it applicable to the deep-sea environment of the East Indian Ocean, and the overall error between the model prediction of noise intensity level and the experimental noise intensity level in intense rainfall is within 2 dB after the modification. When the model is validated by using small-scale rainfall noise data, it is found that the noise source model using a non-uniform rainfall noise source at the sea surface during small-scale rainfall is more accurate than using a uniform rainfall noise source. The modified prediction model of wind-generated and rain-generated noise is important for predicting the ocean-ambient-noise characteristics in the Indian Ocean.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
3.
School of Ocean Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
4.
Mailbox 5111, Beijing 100094, China

Corresponding author: Li Zheng-Lin, lizhlin29@mail.sysu.edu.cn ; Qin Ji-Xing, qjx@mail.ioa.ac.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC0308600), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11874061), and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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References

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Cited By

图 1 噪声测量实验示意图

Figure 1. The configuration of the noise measurement experiment.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 垂直阵处声速剖面

Figure 2. Sound speed profile (SSP) at the VLA location.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 噪声功率谱时间频率二维分布及同步风雨数据

Figure 3. Noise power spectrum time-frequency two-dimensional distribution and synchronize weather data.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 8月30日05:30至8月30日10:30每1 h海面气象　(a)海面风速变化过程; (b)海面降雨率变化过程

Figure 4. Sea surface weather every 1 hour from August 30, 05:30 to August 30, 10:30: (a) Variation process of sea surface wind speed; (b) variation process of sea surface rainfall rate.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 8月30日19:30至8月31日00:30每1 h海面气象　(a)海面风速变化过程; (b)海面降雨率变化过程

Figure 5. Sea surface weather every 1 hour from August 30, 19:30 to August 31, 00:30: (a) Variation process of sea surface wind speed; (b) variation process of sea surface rainfall rate.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 噪声谱级与风速之间的相关系数(无降雨时)

Figure 6. Correlation coefficient between noise spectral level and wind speed (absence of rainfall).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 噪声谱级与风速、降雨率之间的相关系数(有降雨时)

Figure 7. Correlation coefficient between noise spectral level and wind speed and rainfall (in presence of rainfall).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 未降雨(a)和降雨(b)时段噪声谱级的概率密度分布

Figure 8. Probability density distribution of noise spectral levels for the periods of no rainfall (a) and rainfall (b).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 无降雨和有降雨时段平均噪声谱级

Figure 9. Average noise spectral levels during periods without and with rainfall.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 噪声计算模型示意图

Figure 10. Schematic diagram of the noise calculation model.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 不同风速下实验测量与模型计算噪声谱(修正前)

Figure 11. Experimental measurement and model calculation noise spectrum at different wind speeds (before modified).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 修正风生噪声源级(实线)和Harrison使用风生噪声源级(虚线)

Figure 12. Modified wind-generated noise source level (solid line) and Harrison’s wind-generated noise source level (dashed line).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 13 不同风速下实验测量与模型计算噪声谱(修正后)

Figure 13. Experimental measurements and model calculation noise spectrum at different wind speeds (after modified).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 14 有/无降雨时实测谱级(点线)与未修正模型预报谱级(实线)

Figure 14. Measured spectral levels (dotted line) vs. unmodified model calculation spectral levels (solid line) with/ without rainfall.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 15 有/无降雨时实测谱级(点线)与修正模型预报谱级(实线)

Figure 15. Measured spectral levels (dotted line) vs. modified model calculation spectral levels (solid line) with/without rainfall.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 16 局部降雨时模型预报降雨噪声谱(实线)和实验测量降雨噪声谱(点线)

Figure 16. Model calculation of rain-generated noise spectral levels (solid line) and measured rain-generated noise spectral levels (dotted line) during local rainfall.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	埃特 P C 著 (蔡志明, 曹宦植译) 2019 水声建模与仿真(北京: 电子工业出版社) Etter P C (translated by Cai Z M, Cao H Z) 2019 Underwater Acoustic Modeling and Simulation (Beijing: Electronics Industry Press) (in Chinese)
[2]	刘伯胜, 雷家煜 2010 水声学原理 (第二版) (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学出版社) Liu B S, Lei J Y 2010 Principles of Underwater Sound (2nd Ed.) (Harbin: Harbin Engineering University Press) (in Chinese)
[3]	Ma B B, Nystuen J A, Lien R C 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 3555 Google Scholar
[4]	Mcdonald M A, Hildebrand J A, Wiggins S M 2006 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120 711 Google Scholar
[5]	McKenna M F 2012 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 132 169 Google Scholar
[6]	Barclay D R, Buckingham M J 2013 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133 62 Google Scholar
[7]	Širović A, Wiggins S M, Oleson E M 2013 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134 2681 Google Scholar
[8]	Miksis-Olds J L, Bradley D L, Maggie-Niu X 2013 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134 3464 Google Scholar
[9]	Da L L, Wang C, Han M, Zhang L 2014 Acta Oceanol. Sin. 33 206 Google Scholar
[10]	Shi Y, Yang Y, Tian J, Sun C, Ma Y 2019 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 145 EL501 Google Scholar
[11]	Knudsen V O, Alford R S, Emling J W 1948 J. Mar. Res 7 410
[12]	Wenz G M 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34 1936 Google Scholar
[13]	Piggott C L 1964 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36 2152 Google Scholar
[14]	Vagle S, Large W G, Farmer D M 1990 J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 7 576 Google Scholar
[15]	林建恒, 常道庆, 马力, 李学军, 蒋国健 2001 声学学报 3 217 Google Scholar Lin J H, Chang D Q, Ma L, Li X J, Jiang G J 2001 Acta Acust. 3 217 Google Scholar
[16]	林建恒, 蒋国健, 苑泉乐, 衣雪娟 2006 声学学报 3 276 Google Scholar Lin J H, Jiang G J, Yuan Q L, Yi X J 2006 Acta Acust. 3 276 Google Scholar
[17]	笪良龙, 王超, 卢晓亭, 韩梅, 邓小花 2014 海洋学报 36 54 Da L L, Wang C, Lu X T, Han M, Deng X H 2014 Haiyang Xuebao 36 54
[18]	Wang J Y, Li F H 2015 Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 66
[19]	Nystuen J A, Selsor H D 1997 J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 14 656 Google Scholar
[20]	Nystuen J A, Jeffrey A 2001 J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 18 1640 Google Scholar
[21]	刘贞文, 文洪涛, 牛富强, 杨燕明, 郑凌虹 2013 应用海洋学学报 32 8 Google Scholar Liu Z W, Wen H Y, Niu F Q, Yang Y M, Zheng L H 2013 J. Appl. Oceanogr. 32 8 Google Scholar
[22]	魏永星, 于金花, 李琦, 周莹, 常哲, 牛志华, 高超 2016 海洋技术学报 35 4 Wei Y X, Yu J H, Li Q, Zhou Y, Chang Z, Niu Z H, Gao C 2016 J. Ocean. Tec. 35 4
[23]	徐东, 李风华 2019 声学技术 38 71 Xu D, Li F H 2019 Techn. Acoust. 38 71
[24]	Carey W M, Evans R B 2011 Ocean Ambient Noise (New York: Springer)
[25]	Harrison C H 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102 2655 Google Scholar
[26]	何利, 李整林, 彭朝晖 2016 中国科学: 物理学力学天文学 39 249 He L, Li Z L, Peng Z H 2016 Sci. China Phys. Mech. 39 249
[27]	Jiang D G, Li Z L, Qin J X, Peng Z H, Shao H 2017 Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 60 124321 Google Scholar
[28]	汪洋, 蒋东阁, 李整林, 彭朝晖, 刘清宇 2020 声学学报 45 655 Wang Y, Jiang D G, Li Z L, Peng Z H, Liu Q Y 2020 Acta Acust. 45 655
[29]	李剑, 陈文文, 金晶 2014 太平洋学报 22 68 Google Scholar Li J, Chen W W, Jin J 2014 Pacific Journal 22 68 Google Scholar
[30]	董凡辰, 李整林, 胡治国, 吴双林 2019 68 134305 Google Scholar Dong F C, Li Z L, Hu Z G, Wu S L 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 134305 Google Scholar
[31]	吴丽丽, 彭朝晖 2016 中国科学: 物理学力学天文学 46 8 Wu L L, Peng Z H 2016 Sci. China Phys. Mech. 46 8
[32]	Porter M B, Bucher H P 1987 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82 1349 Google Scholar
[33]	衣雪娟, 林建恒, 江鹏飞, 孙军平, 单元春 2020 哈尔滨工程大学学报 41 1505 Google Scholar Yi X J, Lin J H, Jiang P F, Sun J P, Shan Y C 2020 Journal of Harbin Engineering University 41 1505 Google Scholar
[34]	尤立克 R J 著 (洪申译) 1983 水声原理 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社) Urick R J (translated by Hong S) 1983 Principles of Underwater Sound (3rd Ed.) (Harbin: Harbin Shipbuilding Engineering College Press) (in Chinese)
[35]	Hamson R 1994 BAeSEMA Report B 1277 TR
[36]	Li Z L, Li F H 2010 Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 28 990 Google Scholar
[37]	Ma B B, Nystuen J A 2005 J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 22 1225 Google Scholar

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