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Trace gas analysis for SF6 decomposition is a powerful diagnostic method to identify partial discharge problem occurring in electrical equipment. In particular, it is recognized that the SF6 decomposition gases (such as CO, H2S, SO2 and CF4) can effectively determine the inner insulation condition of the electrical equipment. Currently, most of researches of diagnostic methods cannot meet the online high-precision detection of gas derivatives in SF6 electrical insulation equipment. Therefore, there is a need of developing a sensitive, selective and cost-effective sensor system for CO detection in an SF6 buffer gas environment due to the fact that the power system is filled with pure SF6 as the dielectric gas, which means that the concentration of SF6 is usually > 99.8%. The traditional photoacoustic CO gas sensors cannot be directly used in power system, since several SF6 physical constants strongly differ from those of N2 or air. In addition, SF6 molecule reveals uninterrupted and strong absorption lines in the mid-infrared spectral region. In this work, a CO gas sensor working in high concentration SF6 background gas is designed by using a distributed feedback (DFB) laser as an excitation source with a center wavelength of 2.3 μm. The absorption line strength of 2.3 μm is ~ two orders of magnitude higher than the absorption line strength around 1.56 μm, which can improve the sensor detection performance. A background-gas-induced high-Q differential photoacoustic cell is simulated numerically and tested experimentally. The quality factor of the designed photoacoustic cell in pure SF6 gas is 85, which is ~ 4 times higher than that in N2 carrier gas. The experimental results show that the maximum gas flow rate of the differential structure photoacoustic cell is ~ 6 times higher than that of the single resonant cavity photoacoustic cell. After optimizing the resonance frequency, gas velocity and working pressure of the sensor system, the detection sensitivity of the volume fraction of 1.85 × 10–6 is achieved. In the case of the volume fraction of 50 × 10–6 CO/SF6 gas mixture, the maximum photoacoustic signal amplitude of 19.6 μV is obtained, the corresponding normalized noise equivalent concentration (1σ) is 3.68 × 10–8 cm–1·W·Hz1/2 in 1 s integration time. A linear fitting is implemented to evaluate the response of the sensor from 50 × 10–6 to 1000 × 10–6, resulting in an R square value of 0.9997. The CO photoacoustic gas sensor has high sensitivity, good selectivity and strong noise immunity, which can provide an on-line detection technology for potential insulation fault diagnosis in the power system. The capability of CO gas sensor can be improved by using a higher excitation optical output power and/or reducing the PAC resonator volume to increase the cell constant.
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Keywords:
- pohotoacoustic spectroscopy /
- trace gas sensors /
- electrical equipment insulation diagnosis
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图 1 纯SF6气体和0.1% CO/N2气体混合物在1—10 μm波长区域的红外吸收谱线; 插图: 在2.28—2.42 μm波长区域放大的吸收谱线
Figure 1. The infrared absorbance spectrum cures of pure SF6 and 0.1% CO/N2 gas mixture between 1–10 μm wavelength region; Insert: The enlarged view of absorbance spectrum between 2.28–2.42 μm region.
图 2 CO和H2O气体在4260—4308 cm–1波数范围的吸收线位置和对应的吸收线强度
Figure 2. The absorption line positions and line strengths of CO and H2O gas between 4260–4308 cm–1.
图 3 在SF6载气下的CO气体传感器装置示意图
Figure 3. Schematic of CO gas sensor system in SF6 buffer gas.
图 4 在0.1% CO/SF6和0.1% CO/N2载气下的光声池频率响应曲线
Figure 4. Frequency response curves of photoacoustic cell in 0.1% CO/SF6 and 0.1% CO/N2.
图 5 单通道和双通道光声池在不同SF6气体流速下的信号和噪声响应
Figure 5. Sensor system noise and signal amplitude of the single-resonator and the double-resonator photoacoustic cells in different SF6 gas flow rate.
图 6 在体积分数为500 × 10–6的CO/SF6气体中光声信号与气体压强的线性响应图
Figure 6. Linear response of photoacoustic signal and gas pressure in the volume fraction of 500 × 10–6 CO/SF6 gas.
图 7 不同CO/SF6气体浓度下的光声信号幅值响应
Figure 7. Photoacoustic signal in different CO/SF6 gas concentrations.
图 8 CO/SF6气体传感器的响应线性度
Figure 8. Linearity of CO/SF6 gas sensor system.
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[1] 张晓星, 孟凡生, 唐炬, 杨冰 2012 61 156101
Google Scholar
Zhang X X, Meng F S, Tang J, Yang B 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 156101
Google Scholar
[2] Kurte R, Beyer C, Heise H, Klockow D 2002 Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 373 639
Google Scholar
[3] Yin X K, Dong L, Wu H P, Ma W G, Zhang L, Yin W B, Xiao L T, Jia S T, Tittel F K 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 031109
Google Scholar
[4] Yin X K, Dong L, Wu H P, et al. 2017 Opt. Express 25 32581
Google Scholar
[5] Zhang X X, Liu H, Ren J B, Li J, Li X 2015 Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 136 884
Google Scholar
[6] Heise H M, Kurte R, Fischer P, Klockow D, Janissek P R 1997 Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 358 793
Google Scholar
[7] Wang P Y, Chen W G, Wang J X, Tang J, Shi Y L, Wan F 2020 Anal. Chem. 92 5969
Google Scholar
[8] Cui R Y, Dong L, Wu H P, et al. 2018 Opt. Express 26 24318
Google Scholar
[9] Zheng H D, Liu Y H, Lin H Y, et al. 2020 Photoacoustics 17 100158
Google Scholar
[10] 周彧, 曹渊, 朱公栋, 刘锟, 谈图, 王利军, 高晓明 2018 57 084201
Google Scholar
Zhou Y, Cao Y, Zhu G D, Liu K, Tan T, Wang L J, Gao X M 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 084201
Google Scholar
[11] Ma Y F, Yu X, Yu G, Li X D, Zhang J B, Cheng D Y, Sun R, Titttel F K 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 021106
Google Scholar
[12] 尹旭坤, 郑华丹, 董磊, 武红鹏, 刘小利, 马维光, 张雷, 尹王保, 贾锁堂 2015 64 130701
Google Scholar
Yin X K, Zheng H D, Dong L, Wu H P, Liu X L, Ma W G, Zhang L, Yin W B, Jia S T 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 130701
Google Scholar
[13] Hu L, Zheng C T, Zheng J, Wang Y D, Tittel F K 2019 Opt. Lett. 44 2562
Google Scholar
[14] Wang Z, Wang Q, Ching J Y, Wu J C, Zhang G F, Ren W 2017 Sens. Actuators, B 246 710
Google Scholar
[15] 陈珂, 袁帅, 宫振峰, 于清旭 2018 中国激光 45 0911012
Google Scholar
Chen K, Yuan S, Gong Z F, Yu Q X 2018 Chin. J. Las. 45 0911012
Google Scholar
[16] Zhang X, Cheng Z, Li X 2016 Infrared Phys. Technol. 78 31
Google Scholar
[17] Luo J, Fang Y, Zhao Y, Wang A, Li D, Li Y, Liu Y, Cui F, Wu J, Liu J 2015 Anal. Methods 7 1200
Google Scholar
[18] Sun B, Zifarelli A, Wu H P, Russo S D, Li S Z, Patimisco P, Dong L, Spagnolo V 2020 Anal. Chem. 92 13922
Google Scholar
[19] Yin X K, Wu H P, Dong L, et al. 2019 Sens. Actuators, B 282 567
Google Scholar
[20] Li Z L, Wang Z, Qi Y, Jin W, Ren W 2017 Sens. Actuators, B 248 1023
Google Scholar
[21] He Y, Ma Y F, Tong Y, Yu X, Tittel F K 2019 Opt. Laser Technol. 115 129
Google Scholar
[22] Li S Z, Dong L, Wu H P, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Spagnolo V, Tittel F K 2019 Anal. Chem. 91 5834
Google Scholar
[23] Yin X K, Wu H P, Dong L, Li B, Ma W G, Zhang L, Yin W B, Xiao L T, Jia S T, Tittel F K 2020 ACS Sens. 5 549
Google Scholar
[24] Wu H P, Dong L, Zheng H D, et al. 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15331
Google Scholar
[25] Gong Z F, Gao T L, Mei L, Chen K, Chen Y W, Zhang B, Peng W, Yu Q X 2021 Photoacoustics 21 100216
Google Scholar
[26] Cao Y, Liu K, Wang R F, Chen W D, Gao X M 2021 Opt. Express 29 2258
Google Scholar
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