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Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is a typical inelastic scattering effect generated by the interaction between intense incident laser and the acoustic wave field in medium and has always been an active research topic in nonlinear optics. The SBS can be used as a novel LIDAR technology for active optical remote sensing of temperature and sound speed structure in ocean. Although, the threshold value and gain property of SBS at normal temperature are studied, none of the threshold values and gain coefficients of SBS at different temperatures, pressures and attenuation coefficients has been investigated in detail. Further, neither the relation between threshold value and water pressure nor the relation between gain coefficient and water pressure is clear now, and little work has been reported. The theoretical and experimental studies of the influence of water parameters on the threshold value and gain coefficient of SBS are still scanty. In this paper, the effects of temperature, pressure and attenuation coefficient of water on threshold value and gain coefficient of SBS are studied theoretically and experimentally. Theoretically, the variations of threshold value and gain coefficient of SBS with temperature, pressure and attenuation coefficient are analyzed by the average attenuation coefficient method based on the distributed noise model (DNM) and coupled wave equations. The temporal waveforms of Stokes-, pump- and transmission-beam at different water parameters are obtained by using the DNM. Experimentally, a temperature-pressure controlled simulator is designed to obtain the threshold values and gain coefficients of SBS in water at different temperatures, pressures and attenuation coefficients through measuring the change of attenuation coefficient of laser pulses. The results indicate that (i) the threshold value of SBS increases with pressure increasing at the same temperature and decreases with temperature increasing at the same pressure; (ii) the threshold value is positively correlated with the attenuation coefficient at the same temperature and pressure; (iii) the gain coefficient of SBS increases with temperature increasing at the same pressure and decreases with pressure increasing at the same temperature. We also find that the temperature and attenuation coefficient have greater effect on threshold value and gain coefficient of SBS than the water pressure. The studied results are of great significance in realizing the ocean remote sensing by SBS lidar.
[1] Damzen M J, Vlad V I, Babin V, Mocofanescu A 2003 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering: Fundamentals and Applications (Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing) pp1−42
[2] Bloembergen N 1965 Nonlinear Optics (New York: Benjamin) pp12−20
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Xu D 2008 M. S. Thesis (Hangzhou: Zhejiang University) (in Chinese)
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Google Scholar
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图 1 布里渊散射的产生过程
Figure 1. Process of Brillouin scattering.
图 2 激光器泵浦能量分别为60, 70, 80 mJ时, 泵浦光、Stokes光和透射光的波形
Figure 2. Temporal waveforms of pump, Stokes and transmission laser beams at the pump energy of 60, 70, 80 mJ.
图 3 不同温度、压强和衰减系数下泵浦光和Stokes光的波形
Figure 3. Temporal waveforms of pump and Stokes laser beams at different temperatures, pressures and attenuation coefficients.
图 4 水中SBS阈值随水体参数的变化 (a) 25 ℃, 稳态阈值; (b) 25 ℃, 瞬态阈值; (c) 0 MPa, 稳态阈值; (d) 0 MPa, 瞬态阈值; (e) 0.25 m–1, 稳态阈值; (f) 0.25 m–1, 瞬态阈值
Figure 4. Simulation values of steady- and transient-state threshold value of SBS at different water parameters: (a) 25 ℃, steady-state; (b) 25 ℃, transient-state; (c) 0 MPa, steady-state; (d) 0 MPa, transient-state; (e) 0.25 m–1, steady-state; (f) 0.25 m–1, transient-state.
图 5 泵浦光在水中的衰减系数 (a) 25 ℃, 2 MPa; (b) 25 ℃, 4 MPa
Figure 5. Measured attenuation coefficient of pulsed laser beams in water: (a) 25 ℃, 2 MPa; (b) 25 ℃, 4 MPa.
图 6 不同水体参数下SBS阈值的实验测量结果 (a)
$\alpha =0.25\;{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$ ; (b) T = 25 ℃Figure 6. Experimental measured values of threshold value of SBS in water at different water parameters: (a)
$\alpha =0.25\;{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$ , (b) T = 25 ℃.
图 7 不同水体参数下SBS阈值的实验测量与理论仿真结果对比 (a)相同衰减系数、不同温度; (b)相同温度、不同衰减系数; (c)相同压强和衰减系数、不同温度
Figure 7. Comparison of experimental measurements with theoretical simulations of SBS threshold at different water parameters: (a) Different temperatures at the same attenuation coefficient; (b) different attenuation coefficients at the same temperature; (c) different temperatures at the same pressure and attenuation coefficient.
图 8 不同温度及压强下SBS增益的理论仿真与实验测量结果 (a), (b)实验值; (c), (d)理论值
Figure 8. Comparison of experimental measurements with theoretical simulations of gain coefficient in water at different temperatures and pressures: (a), (b) Experimental values; (c), (d) theoretical values.
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[1] Damzen M J, Vlad V I, Babin V, Mocofanescu A 2003 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering: Fundamentals and Applications (Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing) pp1−42
[2] Bloembergen N 1965 Nonlinear Optics (New York: Benjamin) pp12−20
[3] Eggleton B J, Poulton C G, Rakich P T, Steel M J, Bahl G 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 664
Google Scholar
[4] Yuan H, Wang Y L, Lu Z W, Zheng Z X 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 511
Google Scholar
[5] Choudhary A, Liu Y, Marpaung D, Eggleton B J 2018 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 24 7600211
Google Scholar
[6] Jiang H, Yan L, Pan W, Luo B, Zou X 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 279
Google Scholar
[7] Du C, Zhou W N, Wang Y, Wang M H, Wang D, Wang K J, Dong W, Zhang X D 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 4915
Google Scholar
[8] Remer I, Shaashoua R, Shemesh N, Zvi A B, Bilenca A 2020 Nat. Methods 17 913
Google Scholar
[9] Scarponi F, Mattana S, Corezzi S, Caponi S, Comez L, Sassi P, Morresi A, Paolantoni M, Urbanelli L, Emiliani C, Roscini L, Corte L, Cardinali G, Palombo F, Sandercock J R, Fioretto D 2017 Phys. Rev. X 7 031015
Google Scholar
[10] Yuan D P, Xu J, Liu Z, Hao S G, Shi J L, Luo N N, Li S J, Liu J, Wan S P, He X D 2018 Opt. Commun. 427 27
Google Scholar
[11] Liu D H, Xu J F, Li R S, Dai R, Gong W P 2002 Opt. Commun. 203 335
Google Scholar
[12] Shi J L, Ouyang M, Gong W P, Li S, Liu D H 2008 Appl. Phys. B 90 569
Google Scholar
[13] Shi J L, Tang Y J, Wei H J, Zhang Lei, Zhang D, Shi J W, Gong W P, He X D, Yang K C, Liu D H 2012 Appl. Phys. B 108 717
Google Scholar
[14] Zel'dovich B Y, Pilipetsky N F, Shkunov V V 1985 Principles of Phase Conjugation (New York: Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg) pp25−64
[15] Boyd R W, Rzazewski K B 1990 Phys. Rev. A 42 5514
Google Scholar
[16] Gaeta A L, Boyd R W 1991 Phys. Rev. A 44 3205
Google Scholar
[17] Nguen-Vo N M, Pfeifer S J 1993 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 29 508
Google Scholar
[18] 徐德 2008 硕士学位论文 (杭州: 浙江大学)
Xu D 2008 M. S. Thesis (Hangzhou: Zhejiang University) (in Chinese)
[19] Park H, Lim C, Yoshida H, Nakatsuka M 2006 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45 5073
Google Scholar
[20] Först P, Werner F, Delgado A 2000 Rheol. Acta. 39 566
Google Scholar
[21] Tanaka Y, Matsuda Y, Fujiwara H, Kubota H, Makita T 1987 Int. J. Thermophys. 8 147
Google Scholar
[22] Grosso V A D 1974 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56 1084
Google Scholar
[23] Hasi W L J, Guo X, LU H H, Fu M L, Gong S, Geng X Z, Lu Z W, Lin D Y, He W M 2009 Laser Part. Beams 27 733
Google Scholar
[24] Afshaarvahid S, Devrelis V, Munch J 1998 Phys. Rev. A 57 3961
Google Scholar
[25] Hagknlocker E, Minck R, Rado W 1967 Phys. Rev. A 154 226
Google Scholar
[26] Shi J, Chen X, Ouyang M, Liu J, Liu D H 2009 Appl. Phys. B 95 657
Google Scholar
[27] Bai J H, Liu J, Huang Y, Liu Y N, Sun L, Liu D H, Fry E S 2007 Appl. Opt. 46 6804
Google Scholar
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