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Investigation of cloud microphysical is of great significance in deepening the understanding of the radiation energy budget, water cycle process, and precipitation mechanism, and improving the scientificity and effectiveness of artificial precipitation. Especially under the action of turbulence, in addition to shear and inertia, the turbulence in the cloud will accelerate the collision of cloud droplets through vortex superposition. The above process will further complicate the cloud microphysical characters. At present, the methods of measuring cloud microphysical parameters based on light scattering, collision and imaging theories encounter bottlenecks: the inversion process needs to make the assumptions about cloud droplet spectrum and particle characteristics, the impact process will destroy particle characteristics, and the three-dimensional characteristics of cloud particles cannot be obtained. Because of its many advantages, such as fast, real-time, non-destructive, non-invasive, high-resolution, full-field optical measurement, etc., in-line digital holographic interferometry is considered as a new potential tool for the dynamical measurement of cloud microphysical property. In particular, the mutual interference between the particle image and twin image is small under far-field recording conditions. In this paper, the measurement method of the on-line digital holographic interferometry based on interference theory, combining optical information processing, depth of field compression, and gray gradient variance technology of fusion holograms, is investigated. This method, with a z-axis position accuracy of 0.01 mm and system resolution of 2 μm, is employed for simultaneously and finely detecting the cloud droplet spectrum, cloud particle diameter, and number concentration. In the experiment, the liquid droplet with a median diameter of 3.9 μm, produced by the ultrasonic atomizer, is used as an example of the cloud particle. The measurement results are consistent with realistic scenario. By using a high speed charge coupled device or complementary metal oxide semiconductor camera, this method can solve the technical bottleneck of three-dimensional fine characteristics of cloud particle in airborne measurement by using cloud droplet spectrometer. It can provide effective support for the research of liquid water in the cloud, entrainment, condensation, collision, and temporal and spatial evolution laws. In addition, it has reference significance for the study of particle dynamics. Simultaneously, this method provides a feasible solution for the measurement of cloud in land-based and airborne platforms.
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Keywords:
- cloud microphysics /
- cloud droplet spectrum /
- particle diameter /
- number concentration /
- digital holographic interferometry
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图 1 同步测量云微物理参数的同轴DHI实验光路
Figure 1. Experimental setup for simultaneous measurement of cloud microphysical parameters.
图 2 USAF1951标准分辨率板的再现全息图 (a) 采样距离为20 mm; (b) 采样距离为35 mm
Figure 2. Reconstructing hologram of USAF1951 standard resolution plate at (a) 20 mm and (b) 35 mm.
图 3 单粒子的时序数字全息图
Figure 3. Digital holograms of single particle at different times
图 4 融合全息图的灰度梯度方差分布
Figure 4. Gray gradient variance distribution of fusion hologram
图 5 xy平面内位置坐标与粒子尺寸确定
Figure 5. Position coordinates and particle size in xy plane.
图 6 单粒子的三维运动轨迹
Figure 6. Three-dimensional motion trail of a single particle.
图 7 中值直径3.9 μm的液滴粒子测量结果 (a) 粒子分布; (b) 粒子谱; (c) z轴60—100 mm数浓度; (d) z轴0—60 mm粒子谱
Figure 7. Measurement results of droplet particles with the median diameter of 3.9 μm: (a) Particles distribution; (b) particles spectrum; (c) number concentration from 60 mm to 100 mm at z axis; (d) number concentration from 0 mm to 60 mm at z axis
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[1] Li J, Jian B, Huang J, Hu Y, Zhao C, Kawamoto K, Liao S, Wu M 2018 Remote. Sens. Environ. 213 144
Google Scholar
[2] Li J, Lv Q, Zhang M, Wang T, Kawamoto K, Chen S, Zhang B 2017 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 1847
Google Scholar
[3] Lu C, Liu Y, Seong S Y, Chen J, Zhu L, Gao S, Yin Y, Jia X, Wang Y 2020 J. Geophys Res. 125 031868
Google Scholar
[4] Gao S, Lu C, Liu Y, Mei F, Wang J, Zhu L, Yan S 2020 Geophys. Res. Lett. 47 086970
Google Scholar
[5] 宋跃辉, 周煜东, 王玉峰, 李仕春, 高飞, 李博, 华灯鑫 2018 67 249201
Google Scholar
Song Y H, Zhou Y D, Wang Y F, Li S C, Gao F, Li B, Hua D X 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 249201
Google Scholar
[6] 李书磊, 刘磊, 高太长, 胡帅, 黄威 2017 66 054102
Google Scholar
Li S L, Liu L, Gao T C, Hu S, Huang W 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 054102
Google Scholar
[7] 黄敏松, 雷恒池 2018 67 249202
Google Scholar
Huang M S, Lei H C 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 249202
Google Scholar
[8] Jiang F, Zhang Y, Bu L, Chu C 2019 Appl. Opt. 58 9777
Google Scholar
[9] Stephens G L, Kummerow C D 2007 J. Atmos. Sci. 64 3742
Google Scholar
[10] 黄亦鹏, 李万彪, 赵玉春, 白兰强 2019 地球科学进展 34 1273
Huang Y P, Li W B, Zhao Y C, Bai L Q 2019 Advan. Earth Sci. 34 1273
[11] Smith H R, Ulanowski Z, Kaye P H 2019 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 12 6579
Google Scholar
[12] Fujiwara M, Sugidachi T, Arai T 2016 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 9 5911
Google Scholar
[13] Kuhn T, Heymsfield A J 2016 Pure Appl. Geophys. 173 3065
Google Scholar
[14] Miloshevich L M, Heymsfield A J 1997 J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 14 753
[15] Waugh S M, Ziegler C L, MacGorman D R 2015 J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 32 1562
Google Scholar
[16] Suzuki K, Shimizu K, Ohigashi T 2012 Sola 8 1
Google Scholar
[17] 李大山 2002 人工影响天气现状与展望 (北京: 气象出版社) 第441页
Li D S 2002 Current Situation and Prospect of Weather Modification (Beijing: China Meteorological Press) p441 (in Chinese)
[18] Di J, Li Y, Xie M, Zhang J, Ma C, Xi T, Li E, Zhao J 2016 Appl. Opt. 55 7287
Google Scholar
[19] 吴羽峰, 吴佳琛, 郝然, 金尚忠, 曹良才 2020 应用光学 41 662
Google Scholar
Wu Y F, Wu J C, Hao R, Jin S Z, Cao L C 2020 J. Appl. Opt. 41 662
Google Scholar
[20] 张益溢, 吴佳琛, 郝然, 金尚忠, 曹良才 2020 69 164201
Google Scholar
Zhang Y Y, Wu J C, Hao R, Jin S L, Cao L C 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 164201
Google Scholar
[21] Xi T, Di J, Li Y, Dai S, Ma C, Zhao J 2018 Opt. Express 26 28497
Google Scholar
[22] Beals M J, Fugal J P, Sh aw, R A, L u, J, Spuler S M, Stith J L 2015 Science 350 87
Google Scholar
[23] Peter A, Olaf S, Martin S, Evelyn H, Stefan B, Ottmar M, Ulrike L 2009 Appl. Opt. 48 5811
Google Scholar
[24] Fugal J P, Shaw R A 2009 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2 259
Google Scholar
[25] Yao L, Chen J, Sojka P E, Wu X C, Cen K 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 1283
Google Scholar
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