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The reliability and prediction ability of 8 global nuclear mass models is systematically analyzed in terms of the accuracy of the model and the new neutron magic number predicted by experiments based on the ground-state nuclear mass data from AME2016. The root-mean-square (RMS) deviations of nuclear mass predicted by 8 nuclear mass models are calculated by subregion, and find that the Bhagwat and WS4 models possess better accuracy to describe the existing experimental data. By analyzing the trend of the neutron shell energy gap varying with neutron number, it is found that the KTUY, WS3 and WS4 models can well represent the mutation behavior caused by the new magic number N = 32, and it is predicted that N = 32 is likely to be a new magic number in the Cl isotope chain and Ar isotope chain. By analyzing the variation trend of α decay energy in the superheavy region, it is found that the FRDM12, WS3 and WS4 models can reproduce the phenomena of subshell with N = 152 and N = 162 well, and predict the relatively long life of nuclei at the neutron number N = 184 for the isotope chain with proton number Z = 108—114. The comprehensive analysis shows that the mass model with good accuracy cannot reproduce shell evolution behavior. For example, the Bhagwat model has the same accuracy as the WS4 model, but it cannot reproduce the mutation behavior of the new magic number N = 32, 152 and 162. But the KTUY model and FRDM12 model can reproduce the new magic number behavior of N = 32, 152 and 162, respectively, although the RMS deviation is slightly larger. The RMS deviation of WS4 model is small and can describe the shell evolution behavior in the nuclear mass well.
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Keywords:
- nuclear mass model /
- root-mean-square deviation /
- new magic number
[1] Roubin A, Atanasov D, Blaum K, George S, Herfurth F, Kisler D, Kowalska M, Kreim S, Lunney D, Manea V, Minaya Ramirez E, Mougeot M, Neidherr D, Rosenbusch M, Schweikhard L, Welker A, Wienholtz F, Wolf R N, Zuber K 2017 Phys. Rev. C 96 014310Google Scholar
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[5] Xu X, Wang M, Zhang Y H, Xu H S, Shuai P, Tu X L, Yuri A L, Zhou X H, Sun B H, Yuan Y J, Xia J W, Yang J C, Klaus B, Chen R J, Chen X C, Fu C Y, Ge Z, Hu Z G, Huang W J, Liu D W, Lan Y H, Ma X W, Mao R S, Uesaka T, Xiao G Q, Xing Y M, Yamaguchi T, Yamaguchi Y, Zeng Q, Yan X L, Zhao H W, Zhao T C, Zhang W, Zhan W L 2015 Chin. Phys. C 39 104001Google Scholar
[6] Rosenbusch M, Ascher P, Atanasov D, Barbieri C, Beck D, Blaum K, Borgmann C, Breitenfeldt M, Cakirli R B, Cipollone A, George S, Herfurth F, Kowalska M, Kreim S, Lunney D, Manea V, Navrátil P, Neidherr D, Schweikhard L, Somà V, Stanja J, Wienholtz, F, Wolf R N, Zuber K 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 202501Google Scholar
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[8] Leistenschneider E, Reiter M P, Ayet San Andrés S, Kootte B, Holt J D, Navrátil P, Babcock C, Barbieri C, Barquest B R, Bergmann J, Bollig J, Brunner T, Dunling E, Finlay A, Geissel H, Graham L, Greiner F, Hergert H, Hornung C, Jesch C, Klawitter R, Lan Y, Lascar D, Leach K G, Lippert W, McKay J E, Paul S F, Schwenk A, Short D, Simonis J, Somà V, Steinbrügge R, Stroberg S R, Thompson R, Wieser M E, Will C, Yavor M, Andreoiu C, Dickel T, Dillmann I, Gwinner G, Plaß W R, Scheidenberger C, Kwiatkowski A A, Dilling J 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 062503Google Scholar
[9] Michimasa S, Kobayashi M, Kiyokawa Y, Ota S, Ahn D S, Baba H, Berg G P A, Dozono M, Fukuda N, Furuno T, Ideguchi E, Inabe N, Kawabata T, Kawase S Kisamori K, Kobayashi K, Kubo T, Kubota Y, Lee C S, Matsushita M, Miya H, Mizukami A, Nagakura H, Nishimura D, Oikawa H, Sakai H, Shimizu Y, Stolz A, Suzuki H, Takaki M, Takeda H, Takeuchi S, Tokieda H, Uesaka T, Yako K, Yamaguchi Y, Yanagisawa Y, Yokoyama R, Yoshida K, Shimoura S 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 022506Google Scholar
[10] Mougeot M, Atanasov D, Blaum K, Chrysalidis K, Goodacre T D, Fedorov D, Fedosseev V, George S, Herfurth F, Holt J D, Lunney D, Manea V, Marsh B, Neidherr D, Rosenbusch M, Rothe S, Schweikhard L, Schwenk A, Seiffert C, Simonis J, Stroberg S R, Welker A, Wienholtz F, Wolf R N, Zuber K 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 232501Google Scholar
[11] Manea V, Karthein J, Atanasov D, Bender M, Blaum K, Cocolios T E, Eliseev S, Herlert A, Holt J D, Huang W J, Litvinov Y A, Lunney D, Menéndez J, Mougeot M, Neidherr D, Schweikhard L, Schwenk A, Simonis J, Welker A, Wienholtz F, Zuber K 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 092502Google Scholar
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[13] Ramirez E M, Ackermann D, Blaum K, Block M, Droese C, Düllmann C E, Dworschak M, Eibach M, Eliseev S, Haettner E, Herfurth F, Heßberger F P, Hofmann S, Ketelaer J, Marx G, Mazzocco M, Nesterenko D, Novikov Y N, Plaß W R, Rodríguez D, Scheidenberger C, Schweikhard L, Thirolf P G, Weber C 2012 Science 337 1207Google Scholar
[14] Hamilton J H, Hofmann S, Oganessian Y T 2013 Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 63 383Google Scholar
[15] 周善贵 2014 物理 43 817Google Scholar
Zhou S G 2014 Physics 43 817Google Scholar
[16] 周善贵 2017 原子核物理评论 34 318Google Scholar
Zhou S G 2017 Nucl. Phys. Rev. 34 318Google Scholar
[17] Li P C, Zhang H F, Wang Y J 2017 Chin. Phys. C 41 114103Google Scholar
[18] Düllmann C E, Block M 2018 Sci. Am. 318 46Google Scholar
[19] Nazarewicz W 2018 Nat. Phys. 14 537Google Scholar
[20] 李竹, 牛中明, 孙保华, 王宁, 孟杰 2012 61 072601Google Scholar
Li Z, Niu Z M, Sun B H, Wang N, Meng J 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 072601Google Scholar
[21] 何建军, 周小红, 张玉虎 2013 物理 42 484
He J J, Zhou X H, Zhang Y H 2013 Physics 42 484
[22] 李竹, 孙保华, 孟杰 2013 物理 42 505
Li Z, Sun B H, Meng J 2013 Physics 42 505
[23] Niu Z M, Niu Y F, Liang H Z, Long W H, Nikšic T, Vretenar D, Meng J 2013 Phys. Lett. B 723 172Google Scholar
[24] Ma C, Li Z, Niu Z M, Liang H Z 2019 Phys. Rev. C 100 024330Google Scholar
[25] Li Z, Miu Z M, Sun B H 2019 Sci. China, Ser. G 62 982011Google Scholar
[26] 唐晓东, 李阔昂 2019 物理 48 633Google Scholar
Tang X D, Li K A 2019 Physics 48 633Google Scholar
[27] Möler P, Mumpower M R, Kawano T, Myers W D 2019 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 125 1Google Scholar
[28] 王猛, 张玉虎, 周小红 2020 中国科学: 物理学力学天文学 50 052006Google Scholar
Wang M, Zhang Y H, Zhou X H 2020 Sci. Sin.Phys. Mech. Astron. 50 052006Google Scholar
[29] Wang M, Audi G, Kondev F G, Huang W J, Naimi S, Xu X 2017 Chin. Phys. C 41 030003Google Scholar
[30] Möler P, Sierk A J, Ichikawa T, Sagawa H 2016 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 109-110 1Google Scholar
[31] Koura H, Tachibana T, Uno M, Yamada M 2005 Prog. Theor. Phys. 113 305Google Scholar
[32] Wang N, Liang Z Y, Liu M, Wu X Z 2010 Phys. Rev. C 82 044304Google Scholar
[33] Liu M, Wang N, Deng Y G, Wu X Z 2011 Phys. Rev. C 84 014333Google Scholar
[34] Wang N, Liu M, Wu X Z, Meng J 2014 Phys. Lett. B 734 215Google Scholar
[35] Bhagwat A 2014 Phys. Rev. C 90 064306Google Scholar
[36] Goriely S, Chamel N, Pearson J M 2013 Phys. Rev. C 88 024308Google Scholar
[37] Goriely S, Chamel N, Pearson J M 2013 Phys. Rev. C 88 061302(RGoogle Scholar
[38] Goriely S, Chamel N, Pearson J M 2016 Phys. Rev. C 93 034337Google Scholar
[39] Geng L S, Toki H, Meng J 2005 Prog. Theor. Phys. 113 785Google Scholar
[40] Xia X W, Lim Y, Zhao P W, Liang H Z, Qu X Y, Chen Y, Liu H, Zhang L F, Zhang S Q, Kim Y, Meng J 2018 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 121-122 1Google Scholar
[41] Duflo J, Zuker A P 1995 Phys. Rev. C 52 R23(RGoogle Scholar
[42] Zuker A P 2008 Rev. Mex. Fís. 54 129
[43] Nayak R C, Satpathy L 2012 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 98 616Google Scholar
[44] Sobiczewski A, Litvinov Y A 2014 Phys. Rev. C 89 024311Google Scholar
[45] Sobiczewski A, Litvinov Y A 2014 Phys. Rev. C 90 017302Google Scholar
[46] Sobiczewski A, Litvinov Y A, Palczewski M 2018 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 119 1Google Scholar
[47] Zheng J S, Wang N Y, Wang Z Y, Niu Z M, Niu Y F, Sun B H 2014 Phys. Rev. C 90 014303Google Scholar
[48] Hua X M, Heng T H, Niu Z M, Sun B H, Guo J Y 2012 Sci. China, Ser. G 55 2414Google Scholar
[49] Niu Z M, Fang J Y, Niu Y F 2019 Phys. Rev. C 100 054311Google Scholar
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图 1 八个核质量模型对轻核(8 ≤ Z < 28)、中等-I(28 ≤ Z < 50)、中等-II(50 ≤ Z < 82)、重核(82 ≤ Z < 100)以及超重(Z ≥ 100>)五个区域质量描述的均方根偏差
Figure 1. Root-mean-square deviations of the mass of light (8 ≤ Z < 28), medium-I (28 ≤ Z < 50), medium-II (50 ≤ Z < 82), heavy (82 ≤ Z < 100), and super-heavy (Z ≥ 100) are calculated by the 8 nuclear mass models.
表 1 八个核质量模型的基态质量、单中子分离能、单质子分离能、双中子分离能及双质子分离能的均方根偏差
Table 1. Root-mean-square deviations of the ground state mass, single-neutron separation energy, single-proton separation energy, two-neutron separation energy and two-proton separation energy of the 8 nuclear mass models.
模型 M/MeV Sn/MeV Sp/MeV S2n/MeV S2p/MeV KTUY 0.724 0.306 0.367 0.383 0.527 FRDM12 0.599 0.351 0.368 0.455 0.469 HFB27 0.517 0.424 0.446 0.423 0.464 DZ31 0.422 0.290 0.307 0.342 0.379 INM12 0.381 0.372 0.369 0.375 0.386 WS3 0.343 0.274 0.302 0.296 0.358 WS4 0.302 0.260 0.278 0.276 0.326 Bhagwat 0.301 0.282 0.296 0.306 0.329 -
[1] Roubin A, Atanasov D, Blaum K, George S, Herfurth F, Kisler D, Kowalska M, Kreim S, Lunney D, Manea V, Minaya Ramirez E, Mougeot M, Neidherr D, Rosenbusch M, Schweikhard L, Welker A, Wienholtz F, Wolf R N, Zuber K 2017 Phys. Rev. C 96 014310Google Scholar
[2] Wang N, Liu M, Wu X Z 2010 Phys. Rev. C 81 044322Google Scholar
[3] Wang Y Z, Gao Y H, Cui J P, Gu J Z 2020 Commun. Theor. Phys. 72 025303Google Scholar
[4] Mo Q H, Liu M, Wang N 2014 Phys. Rev. C 90 024320Google Scholar
[5] Xu X, Wang M, Zhang Y H, Xu H S, Shuai P, Tu X L, Yuri A L, Zhou X H, Sun B H, Yuan Y J, Xia J W, Yang J C, Klaus B, Chen R J, Chen X C, Fu C Y, Ge Z, Hu Z G, Huang W J, Liu D W, Lan Y H, Ma X W, Mao R S, Uesaka T, Xiao G Q, Xing Y M, Yamaguchi T, Yamaguchi Y, Zeng Q, Yan X L, Zhao H W, Zhao T C, Zhang W, Zhan W L 2015 Chin. Phys. C 39 104001Google Scholar
[6] Rosenbusch M, Ascher P, Atanasov D, Barbieri C, Beck D, Blaum K, Borgmann C, Breitenfeldt M, Cakirli R B, Cipollone A, George S, Herfurth F, Kowalska M, Kreim S, Lunney D, Manea V, Navrátil P, Neidherr D, Schweikhard L, Somà V, Stanja J, Wienholtz, F, Wolf R N, Zuber K 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 202501Google Scholar
[7] Reiter M P, Ayet San Andrés S, Dunling E, Kootte B, Leistenschneider E, Andreoiu C, Babcock C, Barquest B R, Bollig J, Brunner T, Dillmann I, Finlay A, Gwinner G, Graham L, Holt J D, Hornung C, Jesch C, Klawitter R, Lan Y, Lascar D, McKay J E, Paul S F, Steinbrügge R, Thompson R, Tracy J L, Jr, Wieser M E, Will C, Dickel T, Plaß W R, Scheidenberger C, Kwiatkowski A A, Dilling J 2018 Phys. Rev. C 98 024310Google Scholar
[8] Leistenschneider E, Reiter M P, Ayet San Andrés S, Kootte B, Holt J D, Navrátil P, Babcock C, Barbieri C, Barquest B R, Bergmann J, Bollig J, Brunner T, Dunling E, Finlay A, Geissel H, Graham L, Greiner F, Hergert H, Hornung C, Jesch C, Klawitter R, Lan Y, Lascar D, Leach K G, Lippert W, McKay J E, Paul S F, Schwenk A, Short D, Simonis J, Somà V, Steinbrügge R, Stroberg S R, Thompson R, Wieser M E, Will C, Yavor M, Andreoiu C, Dickel T, Dillmann I, Gwinner G, Plaß W R, Scheidenberger C, Kwiatkowski A A, Dilling J 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 062503Google Scholar
[9] Michimasa S, Kobayashi M, Kiyokawa Y, Ota S, Ahn D S, Baba H, Berg G P A, Dozono M, Fukuda N, Furuno T, Ideguchi E, Inabe N, Kawabata T, Kawase S Kisamori K, Kobayashi K, Kubo T, Kubota Y, Lee C S, Matsushita M, Miya H, Mizukami A, Nagakura H, Nishimura D, Oikawa H, Sakai H, Shimizu Y, Stolz A, Suzuki H, Takaki M, Takeda H, Takeuchi S, Tokieda H, Uesaka T, Yako K, Yamaguchi Y, Yanagisawa Y, Yokoyama R, Yoshida K, Shimoura S 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 022506Google Scholar
[10] Mougeot M, Atanasov D, Blaum K, Chrysalidis K, Goodacre T D, Fedorov D, Fedosseev V, George S, Herfurth F, Holt J D, Lunney D, Manea V, Marsh B, Neidherr D, Rosenbusch M, Rothe S, Schweikhard L, Schwenk A, Seiffert C, Simonis J, Stroberg S R, Welker A, Wienholtz F, Wolf R N, Zuber K 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 232501Google Scholar
[11] Manea V, Karthein J, Atanasov D, Bender M, Blaum K, Cocolios T E, Eliseev S, Herlert A, Holt J D, Huang W J, Litvinov Y A, Lunney D, Menéndez J, Mougeot M, Neidherr D, Schweikhard L, Schwenk A, Simonis J, Welker A, Wienholtz F, Zuber K 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 092502Google Scholar
[12] Erler J, Birge N, Kortelainen M, Nazarewicz W, Olsen E, Perhac A M, Stoitsov M 2012 Nature 486 509Google Scholar
[13] Ramirez E M, Ackermann D, Blaum K, Block M, Droese C, Düllmann C E, Dworschak M, Eibach M, Eliseev S, Haettner E, Herfurth F, Heßberger F P, Hofmann S, Ketelaer J, Marx G, Mazzocco M, Nesterenko D, Novikov Y N, Plaß W R, Rodríguez D, Scheidenberger C, Schweikhard L, Thirolf P G, Weber C 2012 Science 337 1207Google Scholar
[14] Hamilton J H, Hofmann S, Oganessian Y T 2013 Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 63 383Google Scholar
[15] 周善贵 2014 物理 43 817Google Scholar
Zhou S G 2014 Physics 43 817Google Scholar
[16] 周善贵 2017 原子核物理评论 34 318Google Scholar
Zhou S G 2017 Nucl. Phys. Rev. 34 318Google Scholar
[17] Li P C, Zhang H F, Wang Y J 2017 Chin. Phys. C 41 114103Google Scholar
[18] Düllmann C E, Block M 2018 Sci. Am. 318 46Google Scholar
[19] Nazarewicz W 2018 Nat. Phys. 14 537Google Scholar
[20] 李竹, 牛中明, 孙保华, 王宁, 孟杰 2012 61 072601Google Scholar
Li Z, Niu Z M, Sun B H, Wang N, Meng J 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 072601Google Scholar
[21] 何建军, 周小红, 张玉虎 2013 物理 42 484
He J J, Zhou X H, Zhang Y H 2013 Physics 42 484
[22] 李竹, 孙保华, 孟杰 2013 物理 42 505
Li Z, Sun B H, Meng J 2013 Physics 42 505
[23] Niu Z M, Niu Y F, Liang H Z, Long W H, Nikšic T, Vretenar D, Meng J 2013 Phys. Lett. B 723 172Google Scholar
[24] Ma C, Li Z, Niu Z M, Liang H Z 2019 Phys. Rev. C 100 024330Google Scholar
[25] Li Z, Miu Z M, Sun B H 2019 Sci. China, Ser. G 62 982011Google Scholar
[26] 唐晓东, 李阔昂 2019 物理 48 633Google Scholar
Tang X D, Li K A 2019 Physics 48 633Google Scholar
[27] Möler P, Mumpower M R, Kawano T, Myers W D 2019 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 125 1Google Scholar
[28] 王猛, 张玉虎, 周小红 2020 中国科学: 物理学力学天文学 50 052006Google Scholar
Wang M, Zhang Y H, Zhou X H 2020 Sci. Sin.Phys. Mech. Astron. 50 052006Google Scholar
[29] Wang M, Audi G, Kondev F G, Huang W J, Naimi S, Xu X 2017 Chin. Phys. C 41 030003Google Scholar
[30] Möler P, Sierk A J, Ichikawa T, Sagawa H 2016 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 109-110 1Google Scholar
[31] Koura H, Tachibana T, Uno M, Yamada M 2005 Prog. Theor. Phys. 113 305Google Scholar
[32] Wang N, Liang Z Y, Liu M, Wu X Z 2010 Phys. Rev. C 82 044304Google Scholar
[33] Liu M, Wang N, Deng Y G, Wu X Z 2011 Phys. Rev. C 84 014333Google Scholar
[34] Wang N, Liu M, Wu X Z, Meng J 2014 Phys. Lett. B 734 215Google Scholar
[35] Bhagwat A 2014 Phys. Rev. C 90 064306Google Scholar
[36] Goriely S, Chamel N, Pearson J M 2013 Phys. Rev. C 88 024308Google Scholar
[37] Goriely S, Chamel N, Pearson J M 2013 Phys. Rev. C 88 061302(RGoogle Scholar
[38] Goriely S, Chamel N, Pearson J M 2016 Phys. Rev. C 93 034337Google Scholar
[39] Geng L S, Toki H, Meng J 2005 Prog. Theor. Phys. 113 785Google Scholar
[40] Xia X W, Lim Y, Zhao P W, Liang H Z, Qu X Y, Chen Y, Liu H, Zhang L F, Zhang S Q, Kim Y, Meng J 2018 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 121-122 1Google Scholar
[41] Duflo J, Zuker A P 1995 Phys. Rev. C 52 R23(RGoogle Scholar
[42] Zuker A P 2008 Rev. Mex. Fís. 54 129
[43] Nayak R C, Satpathy L 2012 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 98 616Google Scholar
[44] Sobiczewski A, Litvinov Y A 2014 Phys. Rev. C 89 024311Google Scholar
[45] Sobiczewski A, Litvinov Y A 2014 Phys. Rev. C 90 017302Google Scholar
[46] Sobiczewski A, Litvinov Y A, Palczewski M 2018 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 119 1Google Scholar
[47] Zheng J S, Wang N Y, Wang Z Y, Niu Z M, Niu Y F, Sun B H 2014 Phys. Rev. C 90 014303Google Scholar
[48] Hua X M, Heng T H, Niu Z M, Sun B H, Guo J Y 2012 Sci. China, Ser. G 55 2414Google Scholar
[49] Niu Z M, Fang J Y, Niu Y F 2019 Phys. Rev. C 100 054311Google Scholar
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