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After the COVID-19 epidemic leveled off in China, many provinces have started to resume schooling. Long-term contact between students and teachers in such a closed environment in schooling can increase the possibility of the outbreak. Although the school closure can effectively alleviate the epidemic, large-scale students’ isolation not only causes social panic but also brings huge social and economic burden, so before the emergence of school epidemics, one should select and adopt more scientific prevention and control measures. In this study, according to the virus excretion of COVID-19 patients in the disease period, the infectious capacity of patients is redefined. After introducing it into the traditional suspected-exposed-infected-removed (SEIR) model, a continuous infection model that is more consistent with the actual transmission of COVID-19 patients is proposed. Secondly, the effective distance between students is calculated through real contact data. Based on the analysis of the effective distance, three types of isolation area prevention and control measures are proposed and compared with the recently proposed digital contact tracking prevention and control measures. Simulating the spread of COVID-19 in schools through real student contact data and continuous infection models, in order to compare the preventions and control effects of various prevention and control measures in the school epidemic situation, and evaluating the social influence of measures by accumulating the number of quarantines when prevention and control measures are adopted, we find that the COVID-19 can lead the cases to happen on a larger scale in the continuous infection model than in the traditional SEIR model, and the prevention and control measures verified in the continuous infection model are more convincing. Using digital contact tracking prevention and control measures in schools can achieve similar results to those in closed schools with the smallest number of quarantines. The research in this paper can help schools choose appropriate prevention and control measures, and the proposed continuous infection model can help researchers more accurately simulate the spread of COVID-19.
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图 1 患者传染率变化曲线
Figure 1. Curves of patient infection rate.
图 2 无封闭措施下的校园疫情情况
Figure 2. School epidemic situation without closed measures
图 3 学生之间有效距离图
Figure 3. Effective distance between students.
图 4 不同防控措施对校园疫情的影响
Figure 4. Influence of different prevention and control measures on school epidemic situation.
图 5 不同防控措施中累计隔离人次分布情况
Figure 5. Cumulative quarantine of different prevention and control measures.
图 6 不同防控措施中病毒传播时间分布
Figure 6. Virus transmission time in different prevention and control measures.
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[1] 陈端兵, 白薇, 王岩, 王敏, 俞伍平, 周涛 2020 电子科技大学学报 49 339
Google Scholar
Chen D B, Bai W, Wang Y, Wang M, Yu W P, Zhou T 2020 J. Univ. Electron. Sci. Technol. Chin. 49 339
Google Scholar
[2] Viboud C, Boëlle P Y, Cauchemez S, Lavenu A, Valleron A J, Flahault A, Carrat F 2004 Br. J. Gen. Pract. 1263 291
[3] 孙皓宸, 徐铭达, 许小可 2020 电子科技大学学报 49 399
Google Scholar
Sun H C, Xu M D, Xu X K 2020 J. Univ. Electron. Sci. Technol. Chin. 49 399
Google Scholar
[4] Rockx B, Kuiken T, Herfst S, Bestebroer T, Lamers M M, Oude Munnink B B, Meulder D, Amerongen G, Brand J, Okba N M A, Schipper D, Run P, Leijten L, Sikkema R, Verschoor E, Verstrepen B, Bogers W, Langermans J, Drosten C, Vlissingen M, Fouchier R, Swart R, Koopmans M, Haagmans B L 2020 Science 368 1012
Google Scholar
[5] Cauchemez S, Ferguson N M, Wachtel C, Tegnell A, Saour G, Duncan B, Nicoll A 2009 Lancet Infect. Dis. 9 473
Google Scholar
[6] Litvinova M, Liu Q H, Kulikov E S, Ajelli M 2019 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116 13174
Google Scholar
[7] Brown S T, Tai J H Y, Bailey R R, Cooley P C, Wheaton W D, Potter M A, Voorhees R E, LeJeune M, Grefenstette J J, Burke D S, McGlone S M, Lee B Y 2011 BMC Public Health 11 353
Google Scholar
[8] Ferretti L, Wymant C, Kendall K, Zhao L, Nurtay A, Abeler-Dörner L, Parker M, Bonsall D, Fraser C 2020 Science 368 eabb6936
Google Scholar
[9] Wang R, Chen F L, Chen Z Y, Li T X, Harari G, Tignor S, Zhou X, Ben-Zeev D, Campbell, Andrew T 2014 Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing New York, USA, September 13–17, 2014 p3
[10] Zhou M Y, Ma M H, Zhang Y K, SuiA K, Pei D, Moscibroda T 2016 Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing New York, USA, September 12–16, 2016 p316
[11] Cao Y, Gao J, Lian D F, Rong Z H, Ro ng, Shi J T, Wang Q, Wu Y F, Yao H X, Zhou T 2018 J. R. Soc. Interface 15 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0210
[12] Yao H X, Lian D F, Cao Y, Wu Y F, Zhou T 2019 ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol. 10 1
[13] The SocioPatterns collaboration http://www.sociopatterns.org/[2020-6-11]
[14] Rossana M, Julie F, Alain B 2015 PLoS One 10 e0136497
Google Scholar
[15] Cattuto C, Broeck W V D, Barrat A, Colizza V, Pinton J F, Vespignani A 2010 PLoS One 5 e11596
Google Scholar
[16] 李靖, 李聪, 李翔 2019 复杂系统与复杂性科学 16 1
Google Scholar
Li J, Li C, Li X 2019 Complex Syst. Complexity Sci. 16 1
Google Scholar
[17] 梁迪, 崔靖, 李翔 2018 计算机学报 41 1598
Google Scholar
Liang D, Cui J, Li X 2018 Chin. J. Comput. 41 1598
Google Scholar
[18] Gemmetto V, Barrat A, Cattuto C 2014 BMC Infect. Dis. 14 695
Google Scholar
[19] 范如国, 王奕博, 罗明, 张应青, 朱超平 2020 电子科技大学学报 49 369
Google Scholar
Fan R G, Wang Y B, Luo M, Zhang Y Q, Zhu C P 2020 J. Univ. Electron. Sci. Technol. Chin. 49 369
Google Scholar
[20] Anderson R M, Anderson B, May R M 1993 Immunology Today (London: Oxford Ford University Press) p616
[21] Guan W J, Ni Z Y, Hu Y, Liang W H, Ou C Q, He J X, Liu L, Shan H, Lei C L, Hui D, Du B, Li L J, Zeng G, Yuen K Y, Chen R, Tang C L, Wang T, Chen P Y, Xiang J, Li S Y, Wang J L, Liang Z J, Peng Y X, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu Y H, Peng P, Wang J M, Liu J Y, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng Z J, Qiu S Q, Luo J, Ye C J, Zhu S Y, Zhong N S 2020 N. Engl. J. Med. 382 1708
Google Scholar
[22] Wang D W, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B B, Xiang H, Cheng Z S, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X H, Peng Z Y 2020 JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. 323 1061
Google Scholar
[23] 孙琬琬, 凌锋, 潘金仁, 蔡剑, 缪梓萍, 刘社兰, 程伟, 陈恩富 2020 中华预防医学杂志 54 625
Google Scholar
Sun W W, Ling F, Pan J R, Cai J, Miao Z P, Liu D L, Cheng W, Chen E F 2020 Chin. J. Prev. Med. 54 625
Google Scholar
[24] Qiu J Covert Coronavirus Infections could be Seeding New Outbreaks https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00822-x [2020-6-11]
[25] Brockmann D, Helbing D 2013 Science 342 1337
Google Scholar
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