Opportunity and challenge for study of valence electron structure in typical magnetic materials

Tang Gui-De; Li Zhuang-Zhi; Ma Li; Wu Guang-Heng; Hu Feng-Xia

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20191655

Abstract

The conventional magnetic ordering models, exchange interaction, super-exchange (SE) interaction and double exchange (DE) interaction models relating to the valence electron structure in the materials, were proposed about in or before the 1950's, the time when there was little experimental evidence. Since the 1970's, more and more experimental results for the valence electron states have been reported. These experimental results suggested that the conventional magnetic ordering models need improving. i) Many experimental results, including the electron energy-loss spectra (EELS), X-ray absorption spectra (XAS), and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), indicate that there are O^– anions in addition to O^2– anions in oxides, and that the percentage of O^– anions may reach 30% or more. This suggests that the SE model and DE model both need to improving, in which all oxygen anions are assumed to be O^2– anions. ii) Several experimental results, including gamma radiation diffraction, XAS and magnetic circular dichroism spectra (XMCD), suggest that part of 4s electrons enter into 3d orbits and transit into the 3d electrons in the process of forming metals from free atoms. The effect of the orbital magnetic moment on the magnetic moment of a bulk metal is far smaller than the spin magnetic moments. These provide the evidence of exploring the relation between magnetic moment and electrical resistivity of the magnetic metal. iii) Using density function theory (DFT) to fit physical properties yields plenty of results for many materials, but there exist serious difficulties for magnetic materials. This is due to magnetic ordering energy is included in the exchange correlation energy, which has been find no phenomenological expression so far, and has to be fitted using various models in DFT calculation. These investigations provide an opportunity to improve magnetic ordering models. Therefore, our group proposed three models of magnetic ordering in typical magnetic materials, they including an O 2p itinerant electron model for magnetic oxides (IEO model), a new itinerant electron model for magnetic metal (IEM model), and a Weiss electron pair (WEP) model for the origin of magnetic ordering energy. Replacing the SE model and DE model with the IEO model, the magnetic structures of Co, Ni, Cu doped spinel ferrites as well as Cr and Ti doped spinel ferrites can be explained. The dependence of the magnetic moment on the Sr content in perovskite manganites La_1–xSr_xMnO₃ can also be explained, for which there have been many ongoing disputes about the cation distributions. With the IEM model, we can explain qualitatively the relation of the magnetic moment with the resitivity for each of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu metals, and fit the curves of the resistivity of NiCu alloy versus test temperature and the Cu doped level. With the WEP model, we can explain why Fe, Co, Ni metal, NiCu alloys, Fe₃O₄ and La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ oxides have different Curie temperature values. The new itinerant electron model is different from the classical model in the following three elementary characteristics. First, the s electrons in free 3d transition metal atoms are divided into two parts when they form a metal or alloy. One part of these s electrons enter into the d orbits and change into the d electrons. and the other part of those electrons are the free electrons which are no longer called the s electrons. Second, only the d electrons occupying the outer orbit of an ion core in a metal or alloy may form itinerant electrons with a certain probability, while the remaining d electrons are local electrons. Third, whether in a magnetic metal or in a magnetic oxide, the transition of the itinerant electrons is the spin-dependent transition below the Curie temperature, and the transition probability decreases with test temperature increasing. The transition of the itinerant electrons turns into the spin-independent transition when the temperature is above the Curie temperature. In this paper, first, we introduce several typical experimental results of the valence electron states. Then, we present the new magnetic ordering models proposed by our group and analyze the elementary differences between the new models and the conventional models. Finally, we point out the challenge to the future work.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Magnetism, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
Hebei Advanced Thin Film Laboratory, College of Physics and Information Engineering, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China

Corresponding author: Tang Gui-De, tanggd@hebtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11174069) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China (Grant No. E2015205111)

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References

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Cited By

图 1 由Ju等^[11]报道的La_1–xSr_xMnO₃系列样品　(a)电阻率ρ随测试温度T的变化关系; (b)电子能量损失谱

Figure 1. La_1–xSr_xMnO₃ reported by Ju et al.^[11]: (a) Curves of the resistivity ρ versus the test temperature T; (b) electron energy loss spectra.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 Dupin等^[17]提出的O 1s谱峰所对应的氧离子价态示意图

Figure 2. A binding energy scale for valence state of oxygen at the O 1s peaks, proposed by Dupin et al. ^[17]

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 近邻离子外层电子轨道的(a)外斯电子对和(b), (c)巡游电子示意图^[33]

Figure 3. Illustrations of (a) a Weiss electron pair and (b) and (c) itinerant electrons in the outer orbits of adjacent ions^[33].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 晶体中离子对1s电子的束缚能E_b和自由原子中1s电子的电离能V_N随原子序数N的变化^[52,53]

Figure 4. Dependences on the atom number (N) of the binding energy (E_b) of 1 s electron in a crystal and the ionization energy (V_N) of 1 s electron in an free atom^[52,53]

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 CaO, ZnO, MnFe₂O₄, ZnFe₂O₄的价带光电子谱^[55]

Figure 5. Valence band photoelectron spectra of samples CaO, ZnO, MnFe₂O₄ and ZnFe₂O₄^[55]

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	戴道生, 钱昆明 1987 铁磁学 (上册) (北京: 科学出版社) 第103−122, 198, 323页 Dai D S, Qian K M 1987 Ferromagnetism (Vol. 1) (Beijing: Science Press) pp103−122, 198, 323 (in Chinese)
[2]	van Vleck J H 1937 Phys. Rev. 52 1178 Google Scholar
[3]	Sato H, Arrott A 1959 Phys. Rev. 114 1427 Google Scholar
[4]	Anderson P W 1950 Phys. Rev. 79 350 Google Scholar
[5]	Zener C 1951 Phys. Rev. 82 403 Google Scholar
[6]	Tang G D, Li Z Z, Ma L, Qi W H, Wu L Q, Ge X S, Wu G H, Hu F X 2018 Phys. Rep. 758 1 Google Scholar
[7]	Li Z Z, Qi W H, Ma L, Tang G D, Wu G H, Hu F X 2019 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 482 173 Google Scholar
[8]	Qian J J, Qi W H, Li Z Z, Ma L, Tang G D, Du Y N, Chen M Y, Wu G H, Hu F X 2018 RSC Adv. 8 4417 Google Scholar
[9]	Qian J J, Li Z Z, Qi W H, Ma L, Tang G D, Du Y N, Chen M Y 2018 J. Alloys Compd. 764 239 Google Scholar
[10]	Nücker N, Fink J, Fuggle J C, Durham P J 1988 Phys. Rev. B 37 5158 Google Scholar
[11]	Ju H L, Sohn H C, Krishnan K M 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 3230 Google Scholar
[12]	Urushibara A, Moritomo Y, Arima T, Asamitsu A, Kido G, Tokura Y 1995 Phys. Rev. B 51 14103 Google Scholar
[13]	Mizoroki T, Itou M, Taguchi Y, Iwazumi T, Sakurai Y 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 052107 Google Scholar
[14]	Grenier S, Thomas K J, Hill J P, Staub U, Bodenthin Y, García-Fernández M, Scagnoli V, Kiryukhin V, Cheong S W, Kim B G, Tonnerre J M 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 206403 Google Scholar
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[21]	Wu L Q, Li S Q, Li Y C, Li Z Z, Tang G D, Qi W H, Xue L C, Ding L L, Ge X S 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 021905 Google Scholar
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[37]	Lang L L, Xu J, Li Z Z, Qi W H, Tang G D, Shang Z F, Zhang X Y, Wu L Q, Xue L C 2015 Physica B 462 47 Google Scholar
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[40]	Tang G D, Shang Z F, Zhang X Y, Xu J, Li Z Z, Zhen C M, Qi W H, Lang L L 2015 Physica B 463 26 Google Scholar
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[46]	Wu L Q, Qi W H, Ge X S, Ji D H, Li Z Z, Tang G D, Zhong W 2017 Europhys. Lett. 120 27001 Google Scholar
[47]	Ge X S, Wu L Q, Li S Q, Li Z Z, Tang G D, Qi W H, Zhou H J, Xue L C, Ding L L 2017 AIP Adv. 7 045302 Google Scholar
[48]	Ge X S, Li Z Z, Qi W H, Ji D H, Tang G D, Ding L L, Qian J J, Du Y N 2017 AIP Adv. 7 125002 Google Scholar
[49]	Li S Q, Wu L Q, Qi W H, Ge X S, Li Z Z, Tang G D, Zhong W 2018 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 460 501 Google Scholar
[50]	Qi W H, Li Z Z, Ma L, Tang G D, Wu G H 2018 AIP Adv. 8 065105 Google Scholar
[51]	谢希德, 陆栋 1998 固体能带理论(上海: 复旦大学出版社) 第11页 Xie X D, Lu D 1998 Energy Band Theory of Solids (Shanghai: Fudan University Press) p11 (in Chinese)
[52]	廖立兵 2000 晶体化学及晶体物理学 (北京: 地质出版社) 第161页 Liao L B 2000 Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics (Beijing: Geological Publishing House) p161 (in Chinese)
[53]	Wagner C D, Davis W M, Moulder J F, Muilenberg G E 1979 Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA: Perkin-Elmer coporation) pp182–182
[54]	Ley L, Dabbousi O B, Kowalczyk S P, McFeely F R, Shiley D A 1977 Phys. Rew. B 16 5372 Google Scholar
[55]	Ding L L, Wu L Q, Ge X S, Du Y N, Qian J J, Tang G D, Zhong W 2018 Results Phys. 9 866 Google Scholar
[56]	Salamon M B, Jaime M 2001 Rev. Moder. Phys. 73 583 Google Scholar
[57]	Dagotto E, Hotta T, Moreo A 2001 Phys. Rep. 344 1 Google Scholar
[58]	Tokura Y, Tomioka Y 1999 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 200 1 Google Scholar
[59]	方俊鑫, 陆栋 1980 固体物理学(上册) (上海: 上海科学技术出版社) 第314页 Fang J X, Lu D 1980 Solid State Physics (Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers) p314 (in Chinese)

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Vol. 69, Issue 2 - 2020-01-20

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