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Secondary electron emission (SEE), which is a frequent phenomenon in space high power microwave systems, is one of the basic inducement of multipactor in space microwave components. It is already verified that lowering SEE is an effective method to mitigate the undesirable effect. Metal black nanostructures have ever been reported to suppress SEE remarkably, however, the SEE characteristics of the gold nanostructures are rarely investigated. In this work, we use the thermal evaporation to fabricate the gold nanostructures under various evaporation gas pressures, and further analyze their SEE characteristics as well as energy distribution information. Experimental results reveal that the evaporation gas pressure determines the morphology of gold nanostructure, and the morphology dominates the SEE level of the gold nanostructure. To be specific, as the evaporation gas pressure rises, the porosity of the nanostructure increases and the SEE yield decreases. The energy distribution information indicates that the gold nanostructure just suppresses the true secondary electrons (TSEs) effectively. However, the effect of the nanostructure on the back scattered electrons (BSEs) is heavily dependent on the surface morphology. Specifically, the nanostructure fabricated at 70 Pa suppresses the BSEs weakly while the nanostructures fabricated at 40-60 Pa enhance the BSEs to some degree. To theoretically explain the experimental phenomena, we establish an equivalent model, which is made up of the periodical combination of a hemisphere and a composite groove, to imitate the fabricated gold nanostructure and simulate its SEE characteristics based on the SEE phenomenological probability model. Simulation results indicate that the hemisphere induces more TSEs and BSEs while the composite groove suppresses them, besides, the groove suppresses the TSEs much more remarkably than the BSEs. The SEE level of the nanostructure model is determined by the weighted average effect of both the hemisphere and the groove. The simulations qualitatively explain the experimental phenomena. This work in depth reveals the SEE mechanism for the gold nanostructures, and is of considerable significance for developing the low SEE surface on a nanometer scale in a space high power microwave-system.
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Keywords:
- nanostructure /
- electron emission /
- energy distribution /
- back scattered electron
[1] Kishek R A, Lau Y Y 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 3198
[2] Semenov V E, Rasch J, Rakova E, Johansson J F 2014 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 42 721
[3] Wang D, He Y N, Li Y 2017 Chin. Space Sci. Technol. 37 1 (in Chinese)[王丹, 贺永宁, 李韵 2017 中国空间科学技术 37 1]
[4] Vaughan J R M 1988 IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 35 1172
[5] Hueso J, Vicente C, Gimeno B, Boria V E, Marini S, Taroncher M 2010 IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 57 3508
[6] Nistor V, Gonzlez L A, Aguilera L, Montero I, Galn L, Wochner U, Raboso D 2014 Appl. Surf. Sci. 315 445
[7] Yang J, Cui W Z, Li Y, Xie G B, Zhang N, Wang R, Hu T C, Zhang H T 2016 Appl. Surf. Sci. 382 88
[8] Ruiz A, Romn E, Lozano P, Garca M, Galn L, Montero I, Raboso D 2007 Vacuum 81 1493
[9] Luo J, Tian P, Pan C T, Roberson A W, Warner J H, Hill E W, Briggs G A D 2011 ACS Nano 5 1047
[10] Ye M, He Y N, Hu S G, Wang R, Hu T C, Yang J, Cui W Z 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 074904
[11] Ye M, He Y N, Hu S G, Yang J, Wang R, Hu T C, Peng W B, Cui W Z 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 104905
[12] Ye M, He Y N, Wang R, Hu T C, Zhang N, Yang J, Cui W Z, Zhang Z B 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 147901 (in Chinese)[叶鸣, 贺永宁, 王瑞, 胡天存, 张娜, 杨晶, 崔万照, 张忠兵 2014 63 147901]
[13] Valizadeh R, Malyshev O B, Wang S H, Zolotovskaya S A, Gillespie W A, Abdolvand A 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 231605
[14] Watts C, Gilmore M 2011 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 39 836
[15] Bruining H 1954 Physics and Applications of Secondary Electron Emission (London:Pergamon Press) p142
[16] Thomas S, Pattinson E B 1970 J. Phys. D 3 1469
[17] He Y N, Peng W B, Cui W Z, Ye M, Zhao X L, Wang D, Hu T C, Wang R, Li Y 2016 AIP Adv. 6 025122
[18] Wang D, He Y N, Ye M, Peng W B, Cui W Z 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 122 153302
[19] Ye M, Wang D, Li Y, He Y N, Cui W Z, Daneshmand M 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121 074902
[20] Cui W Z, Yang J, Zhang N 2013 Space Electron Technol 10 75 (in Chinese)[崔万照, 杨晶, 张娜 2013 空间电子技术 10 75]
[21] Zhang N, Cao M, Cui W Z, Zhang H B 2014 Chinese J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 34 554 (in Chinese)[张娜, 曹猛, 崔万照, 张海波 2014 真空科学与技术学报 34 554]
[22] Seiler H 1983 J. Appl. Phys. 54 R1
[23] Lara J D, Prez F, Alfonseca M, Galn L, Montero I, Romn E, Raboso D, Baquero G 2006 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 34 476
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[1] Kishek R A, Lau Y Y 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 3198
[2] Semenov V E, Rasch J, Rakova E, Johansson J F 2014 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 42 721
[3] Wang D, He Y N, Li Y 2017 Chin. Space Sci. Technol. 37 1 (in Chinese)[王丹, 贺永宁, 李韵 2017 中国空间科学技术 37 1]
[4] Vaughan J R M 1988 IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 35 1172
[5] Hueso J, Vicente C, Gimeno B, Boria V E, Marini S, Taroncher M 2010 IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 57 3508
[6] Nistor V, Gonzlez L A, Aguilera L, Montero I, Galn L, Wochner U, Raboso D 2014 Appl. Surf. Sci. 315 445
[7] Yang J, Cui W Z, Li Y, Xie G B, Zhang N, Wang R, Hu T C, Zhang H T 2016 Appl. Surf. Sci. 382 88
[8] Ruiz A, Romn E, Lozano P, Garca M, Galn L, Montero I, Raboso D 2007 Vacuum 81 1493
[9] Luo J, Tian P, Pan C T, Roberson A W, Warner J H, Hill E W, Briggs G A D 2011 ACS Nano 5 1047
[10] Ye M, He Y N, Hu S G, Wang R, Hu T C, Yang J, Cui W Z 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 074904
[11] Ye M, He Y N, Hu S G, Yang J, Wang R, Hu T C, Peng W B, Cui W Z 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 104905
[12] Ye M, He Y N, Wang R, Hu T C, Zhang N, Yang J, Cui W Z, Zhang Z B 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 147901 (in Chinese)[叶鸣, 贺永宁, 王瑞, 胡天存, 张娜, 杨晶, 崔万照, 张忠兵 2014 63 147901]
[13] Valizadeh R, Malyshev O B, Wang S H, Zolotovskaya S A, Gillespie W A, Abdolvand A 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 231605
[14] Watts C, Gilmore M 2011 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 39 836
[15] Bruining H 1954 Physics and Applications of Secondary Electron Emission (London:Pergamon Press) p142
[16] Thomas S, Pattinson E B 1970 J. Phys. D 3 1469
[17] He Y N, Peng W B, Cui W Z, Ye M, Zhao X L, Wang D, Hu T C, Wang R, Li Y 2016 AIP Adv. 6 025122
[18] Wang D, He Y N, Ye M, Peng W B, Cui W Z 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 122 153302
[19] Ye M, Wang D, Li Y, He Y N, Cui W Z, Daneshmand M 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121 074902
[20] Cui W Z, Yang J, Zhang N 2013 Space Electron Technol 10 75 (in Chinese)[崔万照, 杨晶, 张娜 2013 空间电子技术 10 75]
[21] Zhang N, Cao M, Cui W Z, Zhang H B 2014 Chinese J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 34 554 (in Chinese)[张娜, 曹猛, 崔万照, 张海波 2014 真空科学与技术学报 34 554]
[22] Seiler H 1983 J. Appl. Phys. 54 R1
[23] Lara J D, Prez F, Alfonseca M, Galn L, Montero I, Romn E, Raboso D, Baquero G 2006 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 34 476
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