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The NbC precipitated in steel is in favor of the heterogeneous nucleation of ferrite, which is affected by the alloying elements at the ferrite/NbC interface. However, it is difficult to clearly understand the effect of alloying elements on the ferrite/NbC interface behavior experimentally. Therefore, the first-principles calculation is employed to address this problem in this paper. First of all, the segregation behaviors of alloying element X (=Cr, Mn, Mo, W, Zr, V, Ti, Cu and Ni) on the ferrite(100)/NbC(100) interface are systematically explored. And then, we investigate the influences of these alloying elements on the property of the ferrite/NbC interface. The work of adhesion (Wad), interfacial energy (γint) and electronic structure of ferrite/NbC interface alloyed by these elements are also analyzed. The results show that the (Cr, V, Ti)-doped interfaces have negative segregation energies, which indicates that Cr, V and Ti are easily segregated at the ferrite/NbC interface. Conversely, the Mn, W, Mo, Zr, Cu and Ni are difficult to segregate at the interface. When Mn, Zr, Cu and Ni replace the Fe atoms in the ferrite/NbC interface, the adhesive strength of the interface will decrease, thus weakening the heterogeneous nucleation of ferrite on NbC surface. However, the introduction of Cr, W, Mo, V and Ti will improve the stability of the ferrite/NbC interface due to the larger Wad and lower γint. Therefore, the Cr, W, Mo, V and Ti on the ferrite side of the interface can effectively promote ferrite heterogeneous nucleation on NbC surface to form fine ferrite grain. The analysis of difference charge density indicates that after the introduction of Zr and Cu in ferrite/NbC interface, the interactions among interfacial Zr, Cu and C atoms was weaken. However, when Cr and W are introduced into the clean interface, the strong Cr-C and W-C non-polar covalent bonds are formed, which enhances the adhesion strength of the ferrite/NbC interface. In addition, the minimum Cr-C bonding length at the Cr-doped interface suggests that the interface has the highest interface strength. The Mulliken population analysis shows that for the (Cr, W, Mo, V, Ti)-doped interfaces, the transfer charges of Cr, W, Mo, V and Ti are 1.12, 0.84, 0.54, 0.33 and 0.28, respectively. Nevertheless, for the clean interface, the transfer charge of Fe is only 0.05. Therefore, the interactions among interfacial Cr, W, Mo, V, Ti and C atoms are stronger than that between interfacial Fe and C atoms, which is in good accordance with the above analysis.
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Keywords:
- alloying elements /
- heterogeneous nucleation /
- NbC /
- first-principles
[1] Matsuo S, Ando T, Grant N J 2000 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 288 34
[2] Adamczyk J, Kalinowska E, Ozgowicz W, Wusatowski R 1995 J. Mater. Process. Technol. 53 23
[3] Ghosh P, Ghosh C, Ray R K 2010 Acta Mater. 58 3842
[4] Ghosh P, Ray R K, Ghosh C, Bhattacharjee D 2008 Scripta Mater. 58 939
[5] Hong S G, Jun H J, Kang K B, Park C G 2003 Scripta Mater. 48 1201
[6] Ju B, Wu H B, Tang D, Dang N 2016 J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 23 495
[7] Hin C, Bréchet Y, Maugis P, Soisson F 2008 Acta Mater. 56 5653
[8] Chung S H, Ha H P, Jung W S, Byun J Y 2006 ISIJ Int. 46 1523
[9] Mizuno M, Tanaka I, Adachi H 1998 Acta Mater. 46 1637
[10] Sawada H, Taniguchi S, Kawakami K, Ozaki T 2013 Modell. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 21 045012
[11] Jung W S, Chung S H, Ha H P, Byun J Y 2007 Solid State Phenom. 124 1625
[12] Li Y, Gao Y, Xiao B, Min T, Ma S, Yi D 2011 Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 5671
[13] Xie Y P, Zhao S J 2012 Comput. Mater. Sci. 63 329
[14] Abdelkader H, Faraoun H I, Esling C 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 110 044901
[15] Wang C, Wang C Y 2008 Surf. Sci. 602 2604
[16] Zhang H Z, Wang S Q 2007 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 19 226003
[17] Sun T, Wu X Z, Li W G, Wang R 2015 Phys. Scr. 90 035701
[18] Segall M D, Philip J D L, Probert M J, Pickard C J, Hasnip P J, Clark S J, Payne M C 2002 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 14 2717
[19] Perdew J P, Burke K, Ernzerhof M 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3865
[20] Fischer T H, Almlof J 1992 J. Phys. Chem. 96 9768
[21] Jang J H, Lee C H, Heo Y U, Suh D W 2012 Acta Mater. 60 208
[22] Fors D H R, Wahnström G 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 195410
[23] Wang J W, Fan J L, Gong H R 2016 J. Alloys Compd. 661 553
[24] Li J, Yang Y, Li L, Lou J, Luo X, Huang B 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 023516
[25] Li J, Yang Y, Feng G, Luo X, Sun Q, Jin N 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 163522
[26] Zhang Z, Sun X, Wang Z, Li Z, Yong Q, Wang G 2015 Mater. Lett. 159 249
[27] Cao J, Yong Q, Liu Q, Sun X 2007 J. Mater. Sci. 42 10080
[28] Han Y F, Dai Y B, Wang J, Shu D, Sun B D 2011 Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 7831
[29] Lu S, Hu Q M, Yang R, Johansson B, Vitos L 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 195103
[30] Lee S J, Lee Y K, Soon A 2012 Appl. Surf. Sci. 258 9977
[31] Yang M, Xu J G, Song H Y, Zhang Y G 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 096202
[32] Segall M D, Shah R, Pickard C J, Payne M C 1996 Phys. Rev. B 54 16317
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[1] Matsuo S, Ando T, Grant N J 2000 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 288 34
[2] Adamczyk J, Kalinowska E, Ozgowicz W, Wusatowski R 1995 J. Mater. Process. Technol. 53 23
[3] Ghosh P, Ghosh C, Ray R K 2010 Acta Mater. 58 3842
[4] Ghosh P, Ray R K, Ghosh C, Bhattacharjee D 2008 Scripta Mater. 58 939
[5] Hong S G, Jun H J, Kang K B, Park C G 2003 Scripta Mater. 48 1201
[6] Ju B, Wu H B, Tang D, Dang N 2016 J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 23 495
[7] Hin C, Bréchet Y, Maugis P, Soisson F 2008 Acta Mater. 56 5653
[8] Chung S H, Ha H P, Jung W S, Byun J Y 2006 ISIJ Int. 46 1523
[9] Mizuno M, Tanaka I, Adachi H 1998 Acta Mater. 46 1637
[10] Sawada H, Taniguchi S, Kawakami K, Ozaki T 2013 Modell. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 21 045012
[11] Jung W S, Chung S H, Ha H P, Byun J Y 2007 Solid State Phenom. 124 1625
[12] Li Y, Gao Y, Xiao B, Min T, Ma S, Yi D 2011 Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 5671
[13] Xie Y P, Zhao S J 2012 Comput. Mater. Sci. 63 329
[14] Abdelkader H, Faraoun H I, Esling C 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 110 044901
[15] Wang C, Wang C Y 2008 Surf. Sci. 602 2604
[16] Zhang H Z, Wang S Q 2007 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 19 226003
[17] Sun T, Wu X Z, Li W G, Wang R 2015 Phys. Scr. 90 035701
[18] Segall M D, Philip J D L, Probert M J, Pickard C J, Hasnip P J, Clark S J, Payne M C 2002 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 14 2717
[19] Perdew J P, Burke K, Ernzerhof M 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3865
[20] Fischer T H, Almlof J 1992 J. Phys. Chem. 96 9768
[21] Jang J H, Lee C H, Heo Y U, Suh D W 2012 Acta Mater. 60 208
[22] Fors D H R, Wahnström G 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 195410
[23] Wang J W, Fan J L, Gong H R 2016 J. Alloys Compd. 661 553
[24] Li J, Yang Y, Li L, Lou J, Luo X, Huang B 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 023516
[25] Li J, Yang Y, Feng G, Luo X, Sun Q, Jin N 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 163522
[26] Zhang Z, Sun X, Wang Z, Li Z, Yong Q, Wang G 2015 Mater. Lett. 159 249
[27] Cao J, Yong Q, Liu Q, Sun X 2007 J. Mater. Sci. 42 10080
[28] Han Y F, Dai Y B, Wang J, Shu D, Sun B D 2011 Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 7831
[29] Lu S, Hu Q M, Yang R, Johansson B, Vitos L 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 195103
[30] Lee S J, Lee Y K, Soon A 2012 Appl. Surf. Sci. 258 9977
[31] Yang M, Xu J G, Song H Y, Zhang Y G 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 096202
[32] Segall M D, Shah R, Pickard C J, Payne M C 1996 Phys. Rev. B 54 16317
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