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High time resolution detecting systems for MeV pulsed radiation are essential for inertial confinement fusion diagnostics. Traditional detection of system time resolution is restricted by cable bandwidth. Based on recording excess carrier dynamics in semiconductors, a new detecting mechanism, called RadOptic, was developed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The variation of intensity of pulsed radiation with time was converted into the variation of intensity of infrared laser probe by using this mechanism. The sensing material was InGaAsP quantum wells with severalmicrometer thickness. Picosecond time resolution for several keV pulsed radiation has been demonstrated. The reported system is not suitable for MeV pulses due to its low efficiency to MeV photons. Multiple cascaded structure for MeV photon to electron transformation was proposed by LLNL. Applying bulk material with several-hundredmicrometer thickness is an alternative. Based on transient free carrier absorption, a system recording bulk materials' instantaneous refractive index change is established. The system consists of a probe laser, an interferometer module, a signal transmission module and a signal recording module. The probe is a tunable infrared continuous wave laser whose wavelength is ~1453 nm, guided by single mode fiber to the interferometer. The interferometer consists of a single mode fiber head coupled directly with the polished face of a bulk semiconductor. The interference pattern forms by multiple beams reflected from the front face and the back face of the bulk. Part of interference light is coupled to the single mode fiber and forms the output signal. Pulsed radiation will deposit energy and generate excess carriers in the bulk material. The refractive index of the bulk material changes therewith according to the Drude model. The interference pattern and the light coupled to the single mode fiber also change therewith. The signal is transmitted by a long single mode fiber. The signal recording module consists of photoelectric detectors and a digital oscilloscope. The signal generation process and the time resolution of the system are analyzed. Intrinsic GaAs refractive index change is exploited under electron pulses and X ray pulses. The analysis of signal generation process shows that when the excess carriers recombine much faster/much slower than the pulse width, the output signal/output signal differential can be viewed as a measure of intensity variation with time of the incident pulse. For this prototype system, the time resolution is restricted by the digital oscilloscope to 1 GHz. Bulk intrinsic GaAs demonstrates 30 ns refractive index response time, which is longer than the incident pulse width. The differential signal can be viewed as a measure of incident pulse intensity when GaAs is exposed to 1 ns~0.2 MeV electrons pulses. The differential signal width is shorter than the pulse width when GaAs is exposed to 5 ns~0.2 MeV electrons pulses. Auger recombination process may occur in the pulse duration under this situation. The differential signal width is longer than the pulse width when GaAs is exposed to 1 ns~0.2 MeV X ray pulses. The poor signal to noise ratio affects the signal. The excess carrier generation process may be longer than theoretically estimated one under X ray pulse incident situation. The generation process and recombination process of excess carriers in GaAs show very different characteristics compared with optical excitation. The relationship between the system output signal and the incident pulsed radiation depends on the type of the incident radiation. With carefully considering the effects from incident pulse type and transient carriers density, the system can be used to detect ~MeV pulsed radiation. With an upgraded recording module, the system would demonstrate much higher time resolution.
[1] Vernon S P, Lowry M E, Baker K L, Bennett C V, Celeste J R, Cerjan C, Haynes S, Hernandez V J, Hsing W W, LaCaille G A, London R A, Moran B, Von Wittenau A S, Steele P T, Stewart R E 2012 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83 10D307
[2] Liang L L, Tian J S, Wang T, Li F L, Gao G L, Wang J F, Wang C, Lu Y, Xu X Y, Cao X B, Wen W L, Xin L W, Liu H L, Wang X {2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 060702 (in Chinese) [梁玲亮, 田进寿, 汪韬, 李福利, 高贵龙, 王俊锋, 王超, 卢裕, 徐向晏, 曹希斌, 温文龙, 辛丽伟, 刘虎林, 王兴 2014 63 060702]
[3] Baker K L, Stewart R E, Steele P T, Vernon S P, Hsing W W, Remington B A {2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 15111
[4] Wang B, Bai Y L, Cao W W, Xu P, Liu B Y, Hou Y S, Zhu B L, Hou X 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 200701 (in Chinese) [王博, 白永林, 曹伟伟, 徐鹏, 刘百玉, 缑永胜, 朱炳利, 候洵 2015 64 200701]
[5] Peng B D, Song Y, Sheng L, Wang P W, Yuan Y, Hei D W, Zhao J {2014 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 26 114005 (in Chinese) [彭博栋, 宋岩, 盛亮, 王培伟, 袁媛, 黑东炜, 赵军 2014 强激光与粒子束 26 114005]
[6] Herrmann H W, Hoffman N, Wilson D C, Stoeffl W, Dauffy L, Kim Y H, McEvoy A, Young C S, Mack J M, Horsfield C J, Rubery M, Miller E K, Ali Z A 2010 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 10D33
[7] Riedel R, Al-Shemmary A, Gensch M, Golz T, Harmand M, Medvedev N, Prandolini M J, Sokolowski-Tinten K, Toleikis S, Wegner U, Ziaja B, Stojanovic N, Tavella F 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1731
[8] Brown K, Steele P, Curtis A 2014 Proc. of SPIE Radiation Detectors: Systems and Applications XV, San Diego, California, United States, August 17, 2014 p92150H
[9] Li M F 1991 Semiconductor Physics (Beijing: Scientifics Press) p164 (in Chinese) [李名復 1991 半导体物理学 (北京: 科学出版社) 第164页]
[10] Henry C H, Logan R A, Bertness K A 1981 Appl. Phys. 52 4457
[11] London R A, Lowry M E, Vernon S P, Stewart R E 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 154510
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[1] Vernon S P, Lowry M E, Baker K L, Bennett C V, Celeste J R, Cerjan C, Haynes S, Hernandez V J, Hsing W W, LaCaille G A, London R A, Moran B, Von Wittenau A S, Steele P T, Stewart R E 2012 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83 10D307
[2] Liang L L, Tian J S, Wang T, Li F L, Gao G L, Wang J F, Wang C, Lu Y, Xu X Y, Cao X B, Wen W L, Xin L W, Liu H L, Wang X {2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 060702 (in Chinese) [梁玲亮, 田进寿, 汪韬, 李福利, 高贵龙, 王俊锋, 王超, 卢裕, 徐向晏, 曹希斌, 温文龙, 辛丽伟, 刘虎林, 王兴 2014 63 060702]
[3] Baker K L, Stewart R E, Steele P T, Vernon S P, Hsing W W, Remington B A {2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 15111
[4] Wang B, Bai Y L, Cao W W, Xu P, Liu B Y, Hou Y S, Zhu B L, Hou X 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 200701 (in Chinese) [王博, 白永林, 曹伟伟, 徐鹏, 刘百玉, 缑永胜, 朱炳利, 候洵 2015 64 200701]
[5] Peng B D, Song Y, Sheng L, Wang P W, Yuan Y, Hei D W, Zhao J {2014 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 26 114005 (in Chinese) [彭博栋, 宋岩, 盛亮, 王培伟, 袁媛, 黑东炜, 赵军 2014 强激光与粒子束 26 114005]
[6] Herrmann H W, Hoffman N, Wilson D C, Stoeffl W, Dauffy L, Kim Y H, McEvoy A, Young C S, Mack J M, Horsfield C J, Rubery M, Miller E K, Ali Z A 2010 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 10D33
[7] Riedel R, Al-Shemmary A, Gensch M, Golz T, Harmand M, Medvedev N, Prandolini M J, Sokolowski-Tinten K, Toleikis S, Wegner U, Ziaja B, Stojanovic N, Tavella F 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1731
[8] Brown K, Steele P, Curtis A 2014 Proc. of SPIE Radiation Detectors: Systems and Applications XV, San Diego, California, United States, August 17, 2014 p92150H
[9] Li M F 1991 Semiconductor Physics (Beijing: Scientifics Press) p164 (in Chinese) [李名復 1991 半导体物理学 (北京: 科学出版社) 第164页]
[10] Henry C H, Logan R A, Bertness K A 1981 Appl. Phys. 52 4457
[11] London R A, Lowry M E, Vernon S P, Stewart R E 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 154510
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