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Wind direction retrieval depending on other background sources, e.g., the visible wind-induced streaks, numerical weather prediction model data, scatterometer data and buoy data is the key problem existing in the ocean wind field retrieval using airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data based on geophysical model function which influences the wind speed and direction retrieval accuracies. To solve this problem, a new ocean wind field retrieval method is proposed, with which the wind speed and direction are estimated simultaneously through using the normalized radar cross sections corresponding to different incidence angles and geophysical model function according to the sounding characteristics of airborne SAR. To evaluate the ocean wind field retrieval errors and effects, the simulated data and C band airborne SAR data are used to obtain the wind speed and direction by the proposed method. The verification results show that the wind field retrieval method is suited to retrieve highly accurate wind speed and direction from airborne SAR sounding data without other background sources. The major error can be explained by the insufficient accuracy in calibration of the NRCS for wind speed and wind direction retrieval. The wind speed error increases with the value of speed increasing and at high wind speeds exceeding 18 m/s the error increases distinctly. The value of wind speed has no obvious influence on wind direction retrieval accuracy.
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Keywords:
- airborne SAR /
- ocean surface wind /
- multi-incidence
[1] Zhang L, Huang S X, Zhong J, Du H D 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 7479 (in Chinese) [张亮, 黄思训, 钟剑, 杜华栋 2010 59 7479]
[2] Martine S 2004 An Introduction to Ocean Remote Sensing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) pp201-207
[3] Lin H, Xu Q, Zheng Q 2008 Prog. Nat. Sci. 18 913
[4] Zecchetto S, Biasio D 2008 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 46 2983
[5] Horstmann J, Koch W, Lehner S, Tonboe R 2000 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 38 2122
[6] Thompson D R, Beal R C 2000 Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. 21 58
[7] Monaldo F2000 Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. 21 75
[8] Cameron I, Lumsdon P, Walker N, Woodhouse I 2006 In Proceedings of SEASAR: Advances in SAR Oceanography from ENVISAT and ERS Missions Frascati, Italy, January 23-26, 2006 1
[9] Lehner S, Pleskachevsky A, Bruck M 2012 Int. Geosci. Remote Sens, 33 7337
[10] Yang J S 2005 SAR Remote Sensing Techniques of Sea Surface Wind, Surface Wave and Internal Wave (Beijing: Ocean Press) pp31-32 (in Chinese) [杨劲松 2005 合成孔径雷达海面风场、海浪和海洋内波遥感技术[M]. (北京: 海洋出版社) 第31–32页].
[11] Apel J R 1994 J. Geophys. Res. 99 16269
[12] Levy G 1998 Proc. Int. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp. 1437
[13] Vachon P W, Dobson F W 1996 The Global Atmosphere and Ocean System 5 177
[14] Ynag J S, Huang W G, Zhou C B 2001 J. Remote Sens. 5 13 (in Chinese) [杨劲松, 黄韦艮, 周长宝 2001 遥感学报 5 13]
[15] Wolfgang K 2004 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 42 702
[16] Zhang R W, Yan W, Ai W H, Ma S 2011 J. Mircowaves 27 79 (in Chinese) [张日伟, 严卫, 艾未华, 马烁 2011 微波学报 27 79]
[17] Gladeston C L, Daniela M U, Fátima N S 2010 Sensors 10 5994
[18] Ai W H, Kong Y, Zhao X B 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 148403 (in Chinese) [艾未华, 孔毅, 赵现斌 2012 61 148403]
[19] Kong Y, Zhao X B, Ai W H, Han D, Xue J 2011 J. PLA Univ. of Sci. and Tech. 12 301(In Chinese) [孔毅, 赵现斌, 艾未华, 韩丁, 薛剑 2011 解放军理工大学学报 12 301]
[20] Biasio F D, Zecchetto S 2012 Euro. J. Remote Sens. 45 141
[21] Jiang Z H, Huang S X, Shi H Q 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 108402 (in Chinese) [姜祝辉, 黄思训, 石汉青 2010 108402]
[22] Jiang Z H, Huang S X, He R, Zhou C T 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 068401 (in Chinese) [姜祝辉, 黄思训, 何然, 周晨腾 2011 60 068401]
[23] Levy G, Brown R A 1998 Ed. by Brown R A. Earth Ocean and Space 128
[24] Horstmann J, Lehner S, Koch W, Tonboe R 2000 Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. 21 100
[25] Mouche A A, Collard F 2012 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 50 2901
[26] Hersbach H, Stoffelen A, Haan S D 2007 J. Geophys. Res. 112 3006
[27] Zhang B, Perrie W 2012 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 93 531
[28] Zhang B, Perrie W, He Y 2011 J. Geophys. Res. 116 C08008
[29] Zhang B, Perrie W, Vachon P W, Li X, Pichel W G, Guo J, He Y 2012 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 50 1
[30] He Y J, Perrie W, Zou P W 2005 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 43 1453
[31] Zhao X B, Kong Y, Yan W, Ai W H, Liu W J 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 148404 (in Chinese) [赵现斌, 孔毅, 严卫, 艾未华, 刘文俊 2012 61 148404]
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[1] Zhang L, Huang S X, Zhong J, Du H D 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 7479 (in Chinese) [张亮, 黄思训, 钟剑, 杜华栋 2010 59 7479]
[2] Martine S 2004 An Introduction to Ocean Remote Sensing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) pp201-207
[3] Lin H, Xu Q, Zheng Q 2008 Prog. Nat. Sci. 18 913
[4] Zecchetto S, Biasio D 2008 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 46 2983
[5] Horstmann J, Koch W, Lehner S, Tonboe R 2000 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 38 2122
[6] Thompson D R, Beal R C 2000 Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. 21 58
[7] Monaldo F2000 Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. 21 75
[8] Cameron I, Lumsdon P, Walker N, Woodhouse I 2006 In Proceedings of SEASAR: Advances in SAR Oceanography from ENVISAT and ERS Missions Frascati, Italy, January 23-26, 2006 1
[9] Lehner S, Pleskachevsky A, Bruck M 2012 Int. Geosci. Remote Sens, 33 7337
[10] Yang J S 2005 SAR Remote Sensing Techniques of Sea Surface Wind, Surface Wave and Internal Wave (Beijing: Ocean Press) pp31-32 (in Chinese) [杨劲松 2005 合成孔径雷达海面风场、海浪和海洋内波遥感技术[M]. (北京: 海洋出版社) 第31–32页].
[11] Apel J R 1994 J. Geophys. Res. 99 16269
[12] Levy G 1998 Proc. Int. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp. 1437
[13] Vachon P W, Dobson F W 1996 The Global Atmosphere and Ocean System 5 177
[14] Ynag J S, Huang W G, Zhou C B 2001 J. Remote Sens. 5 13 (in Chinese) [杨劲松, 黄韦艮, 周长宝 2001 遥感学报 5 13]
[15] Wolfgang K 2004 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 42 702
[16] Zhang R W, Yan W, Ai W H, Ma S 2011 J. Mircowaves 27 79 (in Chinese) [张日伟, 严卫, 艾未华, 马烁 2011 微波学报 27 79]
[17] Gladeston C L, Daniela M U, Fátima N S 2010 Sensors 10 5994
[18] Ai W H, Kong Y, Zhao X B 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 148403 (in Chinese) [艾未华, 孔毅, 赵现斌 2012 61 148403]
[19] Kong Y, Zhao X B, Ai W H, Han D, Xue J 2011 J. PLA Univ. of Sci. and Tech. 12 301(In Chinese) [孔毅, 赵现斌, 艾未华, 韩丁, 薛剑 2011 解放军理工大学学报 12 301]
[20] Biasio F D, Zecchetto S 2012 Euro. J. Remote Sens. 45 141
[21] Jiang Z H, Huang S X, Shi H Q 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 108402 (in Chinese) [姜祝辉, 黄思训, 石汉青 2010 108402]
[22] Jiang Z H, Huang S X, He R, Zhou C T 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 068401 (in Chinese) [姜祝辉, 黄思训, 何然, 周晨腾 2011 60 068401]
[23] Levy G, Brown R A 1998 Ed. by Brown R A. Earth Ocean and Space 128
[24] Horstmann J, Lehner S, Koch W, Tonboe R 2000 Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. 21 100
[25] Mouche A A, Collard F 2012 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 50 2901
[26] Hersbach H, Stoffelen A, Haan S D 2007 J. Geophys. Res. 112 3006
[27] Zhang B, Perrie W 2012 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 93 531
[28] Zhang B, Perrie W, He Y 2011 J. Geophys. Res. 116 C08008
[29] Zhang B, Perrie W, Vachon P W, Li X, Pichel W G, Guo J, He Y 2012 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 50 1
[30] He Y J, Perrie W, Zou P W 2005 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 43 1453
[31] Zhao X B, Kong Y, Yan W, Ai W H, Liu W J 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 148404 (in Chinese) [赵现斌, 孔毅, 严卫, 艾未华, 刘文俊 2012 61 148404]
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