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The closed physical constraint equations of sand-dust atmosphere are established based on both the interaction of wind-blown-sand two-phase flows and the mass change. Ideal analysis of the equations shows the following findings: (1) the density of the sand-dust atmosphere is bigger than that of the pure atmosphere, which will reduce the velocities of air parcels of the former to some extent; (2) velocity difference between sand-dust particles and air can make the fine particles located in a high-speed region and the coarse particles located in a low-speed region; (3) temperature difference between sand-dust particles and air can make the particles tend to enhance convection through acting as a heat source in updraft and a cold source in downdraft; (4) the constant-volume mass-specific heat capacity of the sand-dust atmosphere can give rise to the generation of new temperature gradient on an isobaric surface and then enhance the entrainment at the boundary of a sand-dust cloud; (5) the gas constant of the sand-dust atmosphere can lead to the generation of new pressure gradient on an isothermal surface and also enhance the entrainment at the boundary of a sand-dust cloud; (6) mass change can largely affect density, velocity and temperature of the sand-dust atmosphere. In brief, compared with the sand-dust cloud given by equations based on passive scalar, the real sand-dust cloud is high and great. Besides this, its inner convection and its entrainment at the boundary are active, and its horizontal motion is slow.
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Keywords:
- physical constraint equations of sand-dust atmosphere /
- two-phase flows /
- mass change /
- passive scalar
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[2] Miller R L, Tegen I 1998 J. Clim. 11 3247
[3] Rosenfeld D, Rudich Y, Lahav R 2001 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 5975
[4] Kaufman Y J, Koren L, Remer L A, Rosenfeld D, Rudich Y 2005 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 11207
[5] Han Y, Wang T J, Rao R Z, Wang Y J 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 7396 (in Chinese) [韩 永、 王体健、 饶瑞中、 王英俭 2008 57 7396]
[6] Gong S L, Zhang X Y, Zhao T L, McKendry I G, Jaffe D, Lu N M 2003 J. Geophy. Res. 108 4262
[7] Zhao T L, Gong S L, Zhang X Y, Blanhet J T, McKendry I G, Zhou Z J 2006 J. Clim. 19 88
[8] Uno I, Carmichael G R, Streets G, Tang Y, Yienger J J, Satake S, Wang Z F 2003 J. Geophys. Res. 108 8668
[9] Jickells T D, An Z F, Andersen K K 2005 Science 308 67
[10] Yang Y Q, Hou Q, Zhou C H, Liu H L, Wang Y Q, Niu T 2008 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8 25
[11] Luo C, Mahowald N M, Corral J 2003 J. Geophy. Res. 108 4447
[12] Hu Y Q, Guang T N 1996 Plateau Meteor. 15 178 (in Chinese) [胡隐樵、 光田宁 1996 高原气象 15 178]
[13] You L G, Ma P M, Chen J H, Li K 1991 J. Appl. Meteor. Sci. 2 13 (in Chinese) [游来光、 马培民、 陈君寒、栗 柯 1991 应用气象学报 2 13]
[14] Xuan J 2000 Physical Simulation of Atmospheric Diffusion (Beijing: China Meteorological Press) pp139—149 (in Chinese) [宣 捷 2000 大气扩散的物理模拟(北京:气象出版社) 第139—149页]
[15] Huang M Y, Wang Z F 1998 Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 22 625 (in Chinese) [黄美元、 王自发 1998 大气科学 22 625]
[16] Ji F, Qin Y 1996 Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Peking 32 384 (in Chinese) [纪 飞、 秦 瑜 1996 北京大学学报(自然科学版) 32 384]
[17] Nickovic S, Dobricic S 1996 Mon. Wea. Rev. 124 2537
[18] Dalmeida G A 1986 J. Clim. Appl. Meteor. 25 903
[19] Zakey A S, Solmon F, Giorgi F 2006 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss 6 1749
[20] Zhang D F, Zakey A S, Gao X J, Giorgi F 2008 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss 8 4625
[21] Song Z 2004 Environ. Model. Software 19 141
[22] Tong Z H 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 1884 (in Chinese) [仝志辉 2010 59 1884]
[23] Liu H T, Chang J Z, An K, Su T X 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 1877 (in Chinese) [刘汉涛、 常建忠、 安 康、 苏铁熊 2010 59 1877]
[24] Fu X D, Wang G Q 2004 J. Sed. Res. 4 33 (in Chinese) [傅旭东、 王光谦 2004 泥沙研究 4 33]
[25] Zhang X Y, Lu H Y, Arimito R, Gong S L 2002 Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 202 637
[26] Dong F, Jin N D, Zong Y B, Wang Z Y 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 6145 (in Chinese) [董 芳、 金宁德、 宗艳波、 王振亚 2008 57 6145]
[27] Gao Z K, Jin N D 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 6909 (in Chinese) [高忠科、 金宁德 2008 57 6909]
[28] Zhen G B, Jin N D 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 4485 (in Chinese) [郑桂波、 金宁德 2009 58 4485]
[29] Liu H T, Tong Z H, An K, Ma L Q 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 6369 (in Chinese) [刘汉涛、 仝志辉、 安 康、 马理强 2008 58 6369]
[30] Cui J C, Zhang Y Y, Yang X F, Jia L Q 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 030304
[31] Xia L L, Cai J L 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 040302
[32] Chao J P, Liu F 2009 Acta Meteor. Sin. 67 1 (in Chinese) [巢纪平、 刘 飞 2009 气象学报 67 1]
[33] Liu F, Chao J P 2009 Acta Meteor. Sin. 67 11 (in Chinese) [刘 飞、 巢纪平 2009 气象学报 67 11]
[34] Gu X Z, Zhang B 2006 Acta Meteor. Sin. 64 790 (in Chinese) [辜旭赞、 张 兵 2006 气象学报 64 790]
[35] Gu X Z 2004 Meteor. Sci. Tech. 32 19 (in Chinese) [辜旭赞 2004气象科技 32 19]
[36] Kong L 2004 Two-Phase Fluid Mechanics (Beijing: Higher Education Press) pp86—156 (in Chinese) [孔 珑 2004 两相流体力学 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第86—156页]
[37] Ni J R, Li Z S 2006 The Theory and Its Application of Two-Phase Fluid of Wind and Dust (Beijing: Science Press) pp11—19 (in Chinese) [倪晋仁、 李振山 2006 风沙两相流理论及其应用 (北京: 科学出版社) 第11—19页]
[38] Qian N, Wan Z H 2003 Mechanics of Sediment Transport (Beijing: Science Press) pp114,115 (in Chinese) [钱 宁、 万兆惠 2003 泥沙运动力学 (北京: 科学出版社) 第114,115页]
[39] Yu Z H, Miao M Q, Jiang Q R, Yang P Z 2004 Fluid Mechanics (Beijing: China Meteorological Press) pp53—63 (in Chinese) [余志豪、 苗曼倩、 蒋全荣、 杨平章 2004 流体力学 (北京: 气象出版社) 第53—63页]
[40] Wang H T, Dong Z B, Qian G Q, Zhao A G 2003 J. Desert Res. 23 721 (in Chinese) [王洪涛、 董治宝、 钱广强、 赵爱国 2003 中国沙漠 23 721]
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[1] Zhao T L, Gong S L, Zhang X Y, Abdel-Mawgoud A, Shao Y P 2006 J. Geophys. Res. 111 88
[2] Miller R L, Tegen I 1998 J. Clim. 11 3247
[3] Rosenfeld D, Rudich Y, Lahav R 2001 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 5975
[4] Kaufman Y J, Koren L, Remer L A, Rosenfeld D, Rudich Y 2005 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 11207
[5] Han Y, Wang T J, Rao R Z, Wang Y J 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 7396 (in Chinese) [韩 永、 王体健、 饶瑞中、 王英俭 2008 57 7396]
[6] Gong S L, Zhang X Y, Zhao T L, McKendry I G, Jaffe D, Lu N M 2003 J. Geophy. Res. 108 4262
[7] Zhao T L, Gong S L, Zhang X Y, Blanhet J T, McKendry I G, Zhou Z J 2006 J. Clim. 19 88
[8] Uno I, Carmichael G R, Streets G, Tang Y, Yienger J J, Satake S, Wang Z F 2003 J. Geophys. Res. 108 8668
[9] Jickells T D, An Z F, Andersen K K 2005 Science 308 67
[10] Yang Y Q, Hou Q, Zhou C H, Liu H L, Wang Y Q, Niu T 2008 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8 25
[11] Luo C, Mahowald N M, Corral J 2003 J. Geophy. Res. 108 4447
[12] Hu Y Q, Guang T N 1996 Plateau Meteor. 15 178 (in Chinese) [胡隐樵、 光田宁 1996 高原气象 15 178]
[13] You L G, Ma P M, Chen J H, Li K 1991 J. Appl. Meteor. Sci. 2 13 (in Chinese) [游来光、 马培民、 陈君寒、栗 柯 1991 应用气象学报 2 13]
[14] Xuan J 2000 Physical Simulation of Atmospheric Diffusion (Beijing: China Meteorological Press) pp139—149 (in Chinese) [宣 捷 2000 大气扩散的物理模拟(北京:气象出版社) 第139—149页]
[15] Huang M Y, Wang Z F 1998 Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 22 625 (in Chinese) [黄美元、 王自发 1998 大气科学 22 625]
[16] Ji F, Qin Y 1996 Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Peking 32 384 (in Chinese) [纪 飞、 秦 瑜 1996 北京大学学报(自然科学版) 32 384]
[17] Nickovic S, Dobricic S 1996 Mon. Wea. Rev. 124 2537
[18] Dalmeida G A 1986 J. Clim. Appl. Meteor. 25 903
[19] Zakey A S, Solmon F, Giorgi F 2006 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss 6 1749
[20] Zhang D F, Zakey A S, Gao X J, Giorgi F 2008 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss 8 4625
[21] Song Z 2004 Environ. Model. Software 19 141
[22] Tong Z H 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 1884 (in Chinese) [仝志辉 2010 59 1884]
[23] Liu H T, Chang J Z, An K, Su T X 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 1877 (in Chinese) [刘汉涛、 常建忠、 安 康、 苏铁熊 2010 59 1877]
[24] Fu X D, Wang G Q 2004 J. Sed. Res. 4 33 (in Chinese) [傅旭东、 王光谦 2004 泥沙研究 4 33]
[25] Zhang X Y, Lu H Y, Arimito R, Gong S L 2002 Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 202 637
[26] Dong F, Jin N D, Zong Y B, Wang Z Y 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 6145 (in Chinese) [董 芳、 金宁德、 宗艳波、 王振亚 2008 57 6145]
[27] Gao Z K, Jin N D 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 6909 (in Chinese) [高忠科、 金宁德 2008 57 6909]
[28] Zhen G B, Jin N D 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 4485 (in Chinese) [郑桂波、 金宁德 2009 58 4485]
[29] Liu H T, Tong Z H, An K, Ma L Q 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 6369 (in Chinese) [刘汉涛、 仝志辉、 安 康、 马理强 2008 58 6369]
[30] Cui J C, Zhang Y Y, Yang X F, Jia L Q 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 030304
[31] Xia L L, Cai J L 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 040302
[32] Chao J P, Liu F 2009 Acta Meteor. Sin. 67 1 (in Chinese) [巢纪平、 刘 飞 2009 气象学报 67 1]
[33] Liu F, Chao J P 2009 Acta Meteor. Sin. 67 11 (in Chinese) [刘 飞、 巢纪平 2009 气象学报 67 11]
[34] Gu X Z, Zhang B 2006 Acta Meteor. Sin. 64 790 (in Chinese) [辜旭赞、 张 兵 2006 气象学报 64 790]
[35] Gu X Z 2004 Meteor. Sci. Tech. 32 19 (in Chinese) [辜旭赞 2004气象科技 32 19]
[36] Kong L 2004 Two-Phase Fluid Mechanics (Beijing: Higher Education Press) pp86—156 (in Chinese) [孔 珑 2004 两相流体力学 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第86—156页]
[37] Ni J R, Li Z S 2006 The Theory and Its Application of Two-Phase Fluid of Wind and Dust (Beijing: Science Press) pp11—19 (in Chinese) [倪晋仁、 李振山 2006 风沙两相流理论及其应用 (北京: 科学出版社) 第11—19页]
[38] Qian N, Wan Z H 2003 Mechanics of Sediment Transport (Beijing: Science Press) pp114,115 (in Chinese) [钱 宁、 万兆惠 2003 泥沙运动力学 (北京: 科学出版社) 第114,115页]
[39] Yu Z H, Miao M Q, Jiang Q R, Yang P Z 2004 Fluid Mechanics (Beijing: China Meteorological Press) pp53—63 (in Chinese) [余志豪、 苗曼倩、 蒋全荣、 杨平章 2004 流体力学 (北京: 气象出版社) 第53—63页]
[40] Wang H T, Dong Z B, Qian G Q, Zhao A G 2003 J. Desert Res. 23 721 (in Chinese) [王洪涛、 董治宝、 钱广强、 赵爱国 2003 中国沙漠 23 721]
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