黄土高原区域气候暖干化对地表能量交换特征的影响

张强; 黄菁; 张良; 张立阳

doi:10.7498/aps.62.139202

摘要

本文将观测试验资料与陆面过程模式模拟资料相结合, 对目前4个流行的陆面过程模式的模拟资料进行了验证分析, 发现通用陆面模式(CLM)模式的模拟资料在黄土高原地区比较可靠. 在此基础上,利用近几十年CLM模式模拟资料和气象站观测资料, 分析了黄土高原地区的区域气候和地表能量交换特征的变化规律, 研究了该地区地表能量交换对降水和温度变化的响应特征, 讨论了该地区气候变化对地表能量交换特征的影响机理. 研究发现,近几十年来黄土高原区域气候表现为明显的暖干化趋势, 从而引起太阳总辐射、地表反射辐射和地表长波向上辐射的增加及地表长波向下辐射的减小,并由此造成地表净辐射通量减少. 与之相对应,不仅地表潜热通量呈减小趋势,而且地表感热通量和土壤热通量也呈减小趋势, 但地表热量分量的分配比例基本不变.并且发现,地表感热通量的年变化主要由太阳辐射控制, 而潜热通量的年变化则受太阳辐射和降水共同影响;地表热量分量的年际变化均对降水变化响应很敏感, 而对温度变化响应不太敏感,气候干旱化对地表能量平衡的影响比气温变暖的影响更突出.

关键词:

Abstract

China's Loess plateau, as one of the areas in the world, is vulnerable to ecological environment and sensitive to climate change. The characteristic of land surface process has been changing in this area, and it affects the formation and evolution of regional weather and climate. However, limited by observational land surface data, exchange process variation of the surface energy of the Loess plateau and its mechanism of response to climate change is limited. In this study, we combine the observed experimental data with the land surface model simulated data, test the previous four land surface models. It shows the CLM is reliable in Loess plateau. Then we use the observed data and model simulated data to analyze the variation of regional climate and the characteristics of land surface energy exchange, and discuss the effect of climate change on land surface energy exchange. It shows that Loess plateau is warming and drying in recent decades. It induces the increase in solar radiation, surface reflected radiation and surface longwave upward radiation. This makes the net radiation decrease. Correspondingly, surface latent heat flux, sensible heat flux and soil heat flux all have a decreasing trend. But the distribution ratio of components of surface heat flux is basically unchanged. In addition, the annual variation of sensible heat flux is controlled by solar radiation, and latent heat flux is controlled by solar radiation and precipitation. The annual variation of each component of surface heat flux is sensitive to precipitation, not sensitive to temperature. The climate acidification affected surface energy balance farmore than temperature rise.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所/甘肃省干旱气候变化与减灾重点实验室/ 中国气象局干旱气候变化与减灾重点开放实验室, 兰州 730020;

2.
甘肃省气象局, 兰州 730020;

3.
温州市永嘉县气象局, 永嘉 325100;

4.
兰州大学大气科学学院, 兰州 730000

基金项目: 国家重点基础研究发展计划(批准号: 2013CB430206)和国家自然科学基金重点项目(批准号: 40830597)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute of Arid Meteorology, CMA, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province; Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Lanzhou 730020, China;

2.
Gansu Provincial Meteorological Bureau, Lanzhou 730020, China;

3.
Meteorological Bureau of YongJia, Wenzhou 325100, China;

4.
College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

Funds: Project supported by the the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2013CB430206), and the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40830957).

参考文献

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[26]	Dai Y J, Zeng X B, Robert E. Dickinson, Ian Baker, Gordon B. Bonan, Michael G. Bosilovich, A. Scott Denning, Paul A. Dirmeyer, Paul R. Houser, Niu G Y, Keith W. Oleson, C. Adam Schlosser, Yang Z L 2003 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 84 1013
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[28]	Dickinson K J M, Mark A F, Dawkins B 1993 J. Biogeogr. 20 687
[29]	Dai Y J, Zeng Q C 1997 Adv. Atmos. Sci. 14 433
[30]	Koster R D, Suarez M 1996 NASA Tech. Memo. 104606 9 p59
[31]	Sellers P J, Mintz Y, Sud Y C, Dalcher A 1986 J. Atmos. Sci. 43 505
[32]	Ek M B, Mitchell K E, Lin Y, Rogers E, Grunmann P, Koren V, Gayno G, Tarpley J D 2003 J. Geophys. Res. 108 8851
[33]	Wang Y P, Kowalczyk E, Leuning R, Abramowitz G, Raupach M R, Pak B, van Gorsel E, Luhar A 2011 J. Geophys. Res. 116 1034
[34]	Wang Y P, Leuning R 1998 Agric. For. Meteor. 91 89
[35]	Raupach M R, Finnigan J J, Brunet Y 1989 Proc. Fourth Australasian Conf. on Heat and Mass Transfer, Christchurch, New Zealand, 9-12,May 1989 p75
[36]	Ngo-Duc T, Polcher J, Laval K 2005 J. Geophys. Res. 110 6116
[37]	Liu Y, Huang J, Shi G, Takamura T, Khatri P, Bi J, Shi J, Wang T, Wang X, Zhang B 2011 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11 11455
[38]	Zuo J Q, Huang J P, Wang J M, Zhang W, Bi J R, Wang G Y, Li W J, Fu P J 2009 Adv. Atmos. Sci. 26 679
[39]	Zhang Q, Li H Y, Zhao J H 2012 Sci. China Earth Sci. 55 580
[40]	Huang J, Guan X, Ji F 2012 Enhanced cold-season warming in semi-arid regions Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 12 4627
[41]	Zhang Q, Wang S 2007 Prog. Nat. Sci. 17 211 (in Chinese) [张强, 王胜 2007 自然科学进展 17 211]
[42]	Zhang Q, Zeng J, Zhang L Y 2012 Sci. China Earth Sci. 55 1872

施引文献

[1]	Wang Y R, Zhang Q, Jiang S B 2011 Adv. Meteorol. Sci. Technol. 1 38 (in Chinese) [王毅荣, 张强, 江少波 2011 气象科技进展 1 38]
[2]	Li B, Zhang J T 2003 Acta Ecol. Sin. 23 82 (in Chinese) [李斌, 张金屯 2003 生态学报 23 82]
[3]	Zhang Q, Wang S 2008 Adv. Earth Sci. 23 167 (in Chinese) [张强, 王胜 2008 地球科学进展 23 167]
[4]	Guo Z T, William F. Ruddiman, Hao Q Z, Wu H B, Qiao Y S, Zhu R X, Peng S Z, Wei J J, Yuan B Y, Liu T S 2002 Nature 416 159
[5]	Li X Q, An Z S, Zhou J, Gao H J, Zhao H L 2003 Mar. Geol. Quat. Geol. 23 109 (in Chinese) [李小强, 安芷生, 周杰, 高会军, 赵宏丽 2003 海洋地质与第四纪地质 23 109]
[6]	Lv H Y, Liu D S, Guo Z T 2003 Chin. Sci. Bull. 48 2 (in Chinese) [吕厚远, 刘东生, 郭正堂 2003 科学通报 48 2]
[7]	Lu G H, Yan G X, Wu Z Y 2010 Water Resour. Hydropower Eng. 41 78 (in Chinese) [陆桂华, 闫桂霞, 吴志勇 2010 水利水电技术 41 78]
[8]	Yang X G, Zhang Q, Yang Q G, Wang R Y, Liu H Y, Ma P L 2010 Plateau Meteor. 29 44 (in Chinese) [杨兴国, 张强, 杨启国, 王润元, 刘宏谊, 马鹏里 2010 高原气象 29 44]
[9]	Liu Y Y, Wen J, Wei Z G 2007 Plateau Meteor. 26 928 (in Chinese) [刘远永, 文军, 韦志刚 2007 高原气象 26 928]
[10]	Huang J P 2008 Adv. Atmos. Sci. 25 906
[11]	Zhang Q, Hu X J, Wang S, Liu H Y, Zhang J, Wang R Y 2009 Adv. Earth Sci. 24 363 (in Chinese) [张强, 胡向军, 王胜, 刘宏谊, 张杰, 王润元 2009 地球科学进展 24 363]
[12]	Zhang Q, Li H Y, Zhang L Y, Yue P, Shi J S 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 19201 (in Chinese) [张强, 李宏宇, 张立阳, 岳平, 史晋森 2013 62 19201]
[13]	Li H Y, Zhang Q, Wang C L, Yang F L, Zhao J H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 159201 (in Chinese) [李宏宇, 张强, 王春玲, 阳伏林, 赵建华 2013 62 19201]
[14]	Wang S, Zhang Q 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 59203 (in Chinese) [王胜, 张强 2011 60 59203]
[15]	Li Y S 1983 Acta Ecol. Sin. 3 91 (in Chinese) [李玉山 1983 生态学报 3 91]
[16]	Zhang Q, Li H Y 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 5888 (in Chinese) [张强, 李宏宇 2010 59 5888]
[17]	Sun Z X, Zhang Q 2011 J. Desert Res. 31 1302 (in Chinese) [孙昭萱, 张强 2011 中国沙漠 31 1302]
[18]	Zhang Q, Sun Z X, Wang S 2011 Chin. J. Geophysics 54 1727 (in Chinese) [张强, 孙昭萱, 王胜 2011 地球 54 1727]
[19]	Reiji Kimura, Fan J, Zhang X C, Naru Takayama, Makio Kamichika, Nobuhiro Matsuoka 2006 Acta Oecol. 29 45
[20]	Li H Y, Zhang Q, Wang S 2010 Adv. Earth Sci. 25 1070 (in Chinese) [李宏宇, 张强, 王胜 2010 地球科学进展 25 1070]
[21]	Zeng J, Shen J, Zhang Q 2010 Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions 2 288
[22]	Zhang J, Zhang Q, Huang J P 2010 Plateau Meteor. 29 855 (in Chinese) [张杰, 张强, 黄建平 2010 高原气象 29 855]
[23]	Huang R H, Chen W, Zhang Q 2011 Interaction of land-atmosphere in northwest China and its Effect on East Asian Climate Change (Beijing Meteorology Press) p356 (in Chinese) [黄荣辉, 陈文, 张强 2011 中国西北干旱区陆-气相互作用及其对东亚气候变化的影响 (北京:气象出版社) 第356页]
[24]	Li Z C, Wei Z G, Wen J, Fu R 2008 J. Arid Land Resour. Environ. 22 57 (in Chinese) [李振朝, 韦志刚, 文军, 符睿 2008 干旱区资源与环境 22 57]
[25]	Yu W D, Min Q W, Li X G 2002 Resour. Sci. 24 55 (in Chinese) [余卫东, 闵庆文, 李湘阁 2002 资源科学 24 55]
[26]	Dai Y J, Zeng X B, Robert E. Dickinson, Ian Baker, Gordon B. Bonan, Michael G. Bosilovich, A. Scott Denning, Paul A. Dirmeyer, Paul R. Houser, Niu G Y, Keith W. Oleson, C. Adam Schlosser, Yang Z L 2003 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 84 1013
[27]	Bonan G B 1998 J. Clim. 11 1307
[28]	Dickinson K J M, Mark A F, Dawkins B 1993 J. Biogeogr. 20 687
[29]	Dai Y J, Zeng Q C 1997 Adv. Atmos. Sci. 14 433
[30]	Koster R D, Suarez M 1996 NASA Tech. Memo. 104606 9 p59
[31]	Sellers P J, Mintz Y, Sud Y C, Dalcher A 1986 J. Atmos. Sci. 43 505
[32]	Ek M B, Mitchell K E, Lin Y, Rogers E, Grunmann P, Koren V, Gayno G, Tarpley J D 2003 J. Geophys. Res. 108 8851
[33]	Wang Y P, Kowalczyk E, Leuning R, Abramowitz G, Raupach M R, Pak B, van Gorsel E, Luhar A 2011 J. Geophys. Res. 116 1034
[34]	Wang Y P, Leuning R 1998 Agric. For. Meteor. 91 89
[35]	Raupach M R, Finnigan J J, Brunet Y 1989 Proc. Fourth Australasian Conf. on Heat and Mass Transfer, Christchurch, New Zealand, 9-12,May 1989 p75
[36]	Ngo-Duc T, Polcher J, Laval K 2005 J. Geophys. Res. 110 6116
[37]	Liu Y, Huang J, Shi G, Takamura T, Khatri P, Bi J, Shi J, Wang T, Wang X, Zhang B 2011 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11 11455
[38]	Zuo J Q, Huang J P, Wang J M, Zhang W, Bi J R, Wang G Y, Li W J, Fu P J 2009 Adv. Atmos. Sci. 26 679
[39]	Zhang Q, Li H Y, Zhao J H 2012 Sci. China Earth Sci. 55 580
[40]	Huang J, Guan X, Ji F 2012 Enhanced cold-season warming in semi-arid regions Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 12 4627
[41]	Zhang Q, Wang S 2007 Prog. Nat. Sci. 17 211 (in Chinese) [张强, 王胜 2007 自然科学进展 17 211]
[42]	Zhang Q, Zeng J, Zhang L Y 2012 Sci. China Earth Sci. 55 1872

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