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非晶材料因其跨尺度结构均一性，规避了传统晶体材料晶格缺陷敏感的固有特性，在众多高技术领域有着不可替代的重要应用。然而，由于处于热力学非平衡态，非晶材料会发生趋于平衡态的结构弛豫，导致服役过程中的性能退化甚至失效。此外，非晶结构的无序性、复杂性伴随产生玻色峰与隧穿二能级系统等低能激发模式，引发材料内耗与热噪声，制约其在高端技术设备中的性能表现。因此，如何有效提升非晶材料的稳定性、抑制低能激发，成为突破其性能极限的关键所在。近年来研究发现，基于表面动力学特性的原子级制造，可成功制备超稳非晶材料，实现对非晶材料微观结构、稳定性及低能激发进行常规方法难以企及的有效调控。本文将深入探讨非晶材料中原子级制造的机理，重点阐述超稳非晶材料相较于普通非晶材料的结构特征与性能优越性，并展望原子级制造在非晶材料和物质领域未来的研究方向与发展趋势。Amorphous materials, owing to their cross-scale structural uniformity, circumvent the inherent sensitivity to defects as in traditional crystalline materials. As a result, they have irreplaceable and critical applications in numerous advanced technological fields. However, due to their thermodynamically non-equilibrium nature, amorphous materials undergo structural relaxation toward equilibrium, causing performance degradation or even failure during the period of service. Additionally, the complex and disordered structure of amorphous materials results in low-energy excitations, such as boson peak and tunneling two-level systems, which contribute to internal friction and thermal noise of the materials. These factors significantly limit their performance in advanced technological applications. Therefore, effectively enhancing the stability of amorphous materials and suppressing low-energy excitations are crucial steps toward surpassing their performance limits. Recent studies have demonstrated that atomic-level fabrication based on enhanced surface dynamics can successfully produce ultrastable amorphous materials, achieving an unprecedented degree of control over their microstructure, stability, and low-energy excitations, far beyond what conventional methods can attain. This article delves deeply into the underlying mechanisms of atomic-level fabrication for amorphous materials, focuses on the structural features and superior performances of ultrastable amorphous materials compared to conventional ones, and outlines future research directions and development trends of atomic-level fabrication in this field.
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Keywords:
- amorphous materials /
- glass /
- stability /
- atomic-level fabrication
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