基于量子随机行走和多维混沌的三维图像加密算法

刘瀚扬; 华南; 王一诺; 梁俊卿; 马鸿洋

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20220466

摘要

随着互联网的发展, 人们对于信息安全的需求日益增加, 而经典的加密技术存在着密钥空间小、易破解的缺陷, 图像加密技术在保护图像信息安全和隐私内容等方面的问题亟待解决. 量子随机行走作为一种新型量子密钥生成器, 其密钥空间大, 与经典随机行走相比计算速度与安全性有着明显的提高. 本文提出一种基于量子随机行走并涉及Lorenz和Rossler 多维混沌的三维图像加密算法. 首先应用高斯金字塔对图像进行处理然后按照一定比例将处理后的图像切割成4份; 其次使用量子随机行走生成的随机序列与多维混沌中的Lorenz 混沌系统生成的随机序列对分成的若干块子图像进行汉明距离计算然后进行合成, 并且对图像RGB 三通道之间进行欧氏距离计算; 最后将汉明距离与欧式距离取余得到的序列值作为初始值输入多维混沌中的Rossler系统, 生成随机序列作为密钥对图像的RGB 通道进行异或操作得到加密后的图像, 对应解密方案为加密过程逆过程. 此外, 本文采用基于离散余弦变换和奇异值分解的盲水印嵌入算法将水印信息嵌入到加密后的图像中, 实现接收方可以通过提取水印, 根据水印信息的完整性来判断传输过程中图像是否遭受到攻击破坏, 如无遭受恶意攻击, 则对图像进行解密操作. 这一操作完善了对图像信息安全的保护. 实验结果表明加密后图像的峰值信噪比稳定在7—9之间加密效果较好, 灰度差评分接近1, 加密图像的相关性均匀分布, 其相关性系数接近0, 密钥空间2¹²⁸且加密后的直方图分布均匀, 具有较高的抵御统计分析攻击的能力.

关键词:

Abstract

With the development of computer network technology, people’s requirements for information security is increasing day by day. However, the classical encryption technology has the defects of small key space and easy crack. The problems of image encryption technology in protecting image information security and private content need solving urgently. As a new type of quantum key generator, quantum random walk has a large key space. Compared with the classical random walk, the computing speed and security are significantly improved. This paper presents a three-dimensional image encryption algorithm that is based on quantum random walk and involves Lorenz and Rossler multidimensional chaos. Firstly, Gaussian pyramid is used to segment the image. Secondly, the Hamming distances of several sub images are calculated by using the random sequence generated by quantum random walk and the random sequence generated by Lorenz chaotic system in multi-dimensional chaos, and then synthesized, and the Euclidean distances between the three RGB channels of the image are calculated. Finally, the sequence value obtained from the remainder of Hamming distance and Euclidean distance, as an initial value is input into the Rossler system in multi-dimensional chaos to generate a random sequence which is used as the key to XOR the RGB channel of the image so as to create an encrypted image. The corresponding decryption scheme is the inverse process of the encryption process. In addition, in terms of transmission security, this paper uses a blind watermark embedding algorithm based on DCT and SVD to embed the watermark information into the encrypted image, so that the receiver can extract the watermark and judge whether the image is damaged by the attack in the transmission process according to the integrity of the watermark information. If it is not attacked maliciously, the image will be decrypted. This operation further improves the protection of image information security.The experimental results show that the peak signal-to-noise ratio of the encrypted image is stable between 7 and 9 and the encryption effect is good, the GVD score is close to 1, the correlation of the encrypted image is uniformly distributed, and the correlation coefficient is close to 0, and the key space is 2¹²⁸ in size and the encrypted histogram is evenly distributed, showing a high ability to resist statistical analysis attacks.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
青岛理工大学信息与控制工程学院, 青岛　266520

2.
青岛理工大学理学院, 青岛　266520

通信作者: 马鸿洋, hongyang_ma@aliyun.com

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11975132, 61772295)、山东省自然科学基金(批准号: ZR2019YQ01)、山东省高等教育科技计划项目(批准号: J18KZ012) 和山东省自然科学基金联合基金(批准号: ZR202108020011)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Information and Control Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China

2.
School of Science, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China

Corresponding author: Ma Hong-Yang, hongyang_ma@aliyun.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11975132, 61772295), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. ZR2019YQ01), the Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. J18KZ012), and the Joint Fund of Shandong Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant No. ZR202108020011)

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Zheng R H, Xiao Y, Su S L, Chen Y H, Shi Z C, Song J, Xia Y, Zheng S B 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 052402 Google Scholar
[2]	Kang Y H, Shi Z C, Huang B H, Song J, Xia Y 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 032322
[3]	Long G L 2001 Phys. Rev. A 64 022307 Google Scholar
[4]	Long G L, Li X, Sun Y 2002 Phys. Lett. A 294 143 Google Scholar
[5]	Aharonov Y, Davidovich L, Zagury N 1993 Phys. Rev. A 48 1687
[6]	Farhi E, Gutmann S 1998 Phys. Rev. A 58 915 Google Scholar
[7]	Childs A M, Cleve R, Deotto E, Farhi E, Gutmann S, Spielman D A 2003 STOC’03: Proceedings of the Thirty-fifth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (New York: Association for Computing Machinery) pp59–68
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[11]	Li H H, Gong L H, Zhou N R 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 110304 Google Scholar
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[19]	Smith J D, Hill A J, Reeder L E, Franke B C, Lehoucp R B, Parekh O, Severa, M, Aimone J B 2022 Nat. Electron. 5 102 Google Scholar
[20]	Godsil C, Zhan H M 2019 J. Comb. Theory A 167 181 Google Scholar
[21]	Singh S, Chawla P, Sarkar A, Chandrashekar C M 2021 Sci. Rep. 11 1
[22]	Tsafack N, Kengne J, Abd-El-Atty B, Iliyasu A M, Hirota K, Abd EL-Latif A A 2020 Inf. Sci. 515 191 Google Scholar
[23]	王一诺, 宋昭阳, 马玉林, 华南, 马鸿洋 2021 70 10 Wang Y N, Song Z Y, Ma Y L, Hua N, Ma H Y 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 10
[24]	Kocarev L 2001 IEEE. Circ. Syst. Mag. 1 6
[25]	Guan Z H, Huang F J, Guan W J 2005 Phys. Lett. A 346 153 Google Scholar
[26]	Lian S G, Sun J S, Wang Z Q 2005 Physica A 351 645 Google Scholar
[27]	Xiao D, Liao X F, Wei P C 2009 Chaos. Solitons Fractals 40 2191
[28]	Zhang X P, Zhao Z M, Wang J Y 2014 Signal Process. Image Commun. 29 902 Google Scholar
[29]	Assad S E, Farajallah M 2016 Signal Process. Image Commun. 41 144 Google Scholar
[30]	Wang M G, Wang X Y, Zhang Y Q, Zhou S, Zhao T T, Yao N M 2019 Opt. Lasers Eng. 121 479 Google Scholar
[31]	Kumar V, Girdhar A 2021 Multimed Tools Appl. 80 3749
[32]	Huang W, Jiang D H, An Y S, Liu L D, Wang X Y 2021 IEEE Access 9 41704 Google Scholar
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[36]	Zhou W J, Wang X Y, Wang M X, Li D Y 2022 Opt. Laser Eng. 149 106782 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 量子随机行走

Fig. 1. Quantum random walk

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 Rossler混沌模型

Fig. 2. Rossler chaotic model

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图 3 Lorenz混沌模型

Fig. 3. Lorenz chaotic model

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图 4 高斯金字塔结构图

Fig. 4. Gaussian pyramid structure

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 Arnold变换

Fig. 5. Arnold transform

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 密钥生成

Fig. 6. Key generation

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 水印嵌入与提取

Fig. 7. Watermark embedding and extraction

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 加密-水印算法流程图

Fig. 8. Encryption watermark algorithm flow chart

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 加密仿真结果

Fig. 9. Encryption simulation results

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 加密算法

Fig. 10. Encryption algorithm

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 原始图像1和加密图像1的性能分析直方图

Fig. 12. Performance analysis histogram of original image 1 and encrypted image 1

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 原始图像2和加密图像2的3D直方图

Fig. 13. 3D histogram of original image 2 and encrypted image 2

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 14 原始图像2和加密图像2的性能分析直方图

Fig. 14. Performance analysis histogram of original image 2 and encrypted image 2

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 15 原始图像3和加密图像3的3D直方图

Fig. 15. 3D histogram of original image 3 and encrypted image 3

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 16 原始图像3和加密图像3的性能分析直方图

Fig. 16. Performance analysis histogram of original image 3 and encrypted image 3

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 17 原始图像4和加密图像4的3D直方图

Fig. 17. 3D histogram of original image 4 and encrypted image 4

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 原始图像1和加密图像1的3D直方图

Fig. 11. 3D histogram of original image 1 and encrypted image 1

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 18 原始图像4和加密图像4的性能分析直方图

Fig. 18. Performance analysis histogram of original image 4 and encrypted image 4

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 19 原始图像1和加密图像1的相关性

Fig. 19. Correlation between original image 1 and encrypted image 1

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 20 原始图像2和加密图像2的相关性

Fig. 20. Correlation between original image 2 and encrypted image 2

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 21 原始图像3和加密图像3的相关性

Fig. 21. Correlation between original image 3 and encrypted image 3

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 22 原始图像4和加密图像4的相关性

Fig. 22. Correlation between original image 4 and encrypted image 4

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 23 高斯噪声

Fig. 23. Gaussian noise

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 原始图像1和加密图像1的相关性数值分析

Table 1. Numerical analysis of correlation between original image 1 and encrypted image 1

图像	通道	Horizontal	Vertical	Diagonal
图像1	R	0.9985	0.9990	0.9976
	G	0.9980	0.9988	0.9973
	B	0.9980	0.9991	0.9975
加密图像1	R	–0.0136	–0.0325	–0.0304
	G	0.0304	0.0014	0.0251
	B	–0.0234	0.0221	0.0051

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 原始图像2和加密图像2的相关性数值分析

Table 2. Numerical analysis of correlation between original image 2 and encrypted image 2

图像	通道	Horizontal	Vertical	Diagonal
图像2	R	0.9910	0.9858	0.9752
	G	0.9954	0.9941	0.9883
	B	0.9969	0.9962	0.9930
加密图像2	R	–0.0136	–0.0325	–0.0304
	G	0.0304	0.0014	0.0251
	B	–0.0234	0.0221	0.0051

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 原始图像3和加密图像3的相关性数值分析

Table 3. Numerical analysis of correlation between original image 3 and encrypted image 3

图像	通道	Horizontal	Vertical	Diagonal
图像3	R	0.9293	0.9631	0.8961
	G	0.9077	0.9522	0.8648
	B	0.9011	0.9379	0.8484
加密图像3	R	–0.0069	–0.0081	–0.0218
	G	–0.0070	0.0065	–0.0245
	B	–0.0117	0.0249	–0.0134

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 原始图像4和加密图像4的相关性数值分析

Table 4. Numerical analysis of correlation between original image 4 and encrypted image 4

图像	通道	Horizontal	Vertical	Diagonal
图像4	R	0.9568	0.9750	0.9379
	G	0.9449	0.9665	0.9170
	B	0.9540	0.9746	0.9346
加密图像4	R	–0.0162	–0.0055	0.0147
	G	0.0006	0.0003	–0.0060
	B	0.0207	–0.0291	0.0017

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 GVD

Table 5. GVD

GVD	原始-加密图像1	原始-加密图像2	原始-加密图像3	原始-加密图像4
R	0.9993	0.995	0.9755	0.9809
G	0.9993	0.9947	0.9763	0.9815
B	0.9993	0.995	0.9804	0.9826

下载: 导出CSV

表 6 密钥敏感性分析

Table 6. Key sensitivity analysis

图像	通道	NPCR/%	UACI/%
图像1	R	99.5687	33.4381
	G	99.6098	33.4594
	B	99.6180	33.4347
图像2	R	99.5690	33.4386
	G	99.6100	33.4598
	B	99.6186	33.4350
图像3	R	99.5684	33.4378
	G	99.6094	33.4588
	B	99.6174	33.4437
图像4	R	99.5688	33.4376
	G	99.6088	33.4590
	B	99.6170	33.4347

下载: 导出CSV

表 7 峰值信噪比

Table 7. Peak signal to noise ratio

PSNR	原始-加密图像1	原始-加密图像2	原始-加密图像3	原始-加密图像4
R	7.691	8.376	9.369	9.582
G	7.755	8.132	8.686	9.193
B	7.479	7.747	6.782	7.782

下载: 导出CSV

表 8 嵌入水印的峰值信噪比

Table 8. Peak signal to noise ratio of embedded watermark

PSNR	加密-嵌入水印1	加密-嵌入水印2	加密-嵌入水印3	加密-嵌入水印4
R	38.81	38.81	38.8	38.79
G	40.28	40.29	40.26	40.28
B	35.46	35.48	35.47	35.47

下载: 导出CSV

map

[1]	Zheng R H, Xiao Y, Su S L, Chen Y H, Shi Z C, Song J, Xia Y, Zheng S B 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 052402 Google Scholar
[2]	Kang Y H, Shi Z C, Huang B H, Song J, Xia Y 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 032322
[3]	Long G L 2001 Phys. Rev. A 64 022307 Google Scholar
[4]	Long G L, Li X, Sun Y 2002 Phys. Lett. A 294 143 Google Scholar
[5]	Aharonov Y, Davidovich L, Zagury N 1993 Phys. Rev. A 48 1687
[6]	Farhi E, Gutmann S 1998 Phys. Rev. A 58 915 Google Scholar
[7]	Childs A M, Cleve R, Deotto E, Farhi E, Gutmann S, Spielman D A 2003 STOC’03: Proceedings of the Thirty-fifth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (New York: Association for Computing Machinery) pp59–68
[8]	Castagnoli G 2016 Found. Phys. 46 360 Google Scholar
[9]	Castagnoli G 2016 Quanta. 5 34
[10]	Gong L H, Song H C, He C S, Liu Y, Zhou N R 2014 Phys. Scr. 89 035101 Google Scholar
[11]	Li H H, Gong L H, Zhou N R 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 110304 Google Scholar
[12]	Watrous J 2001 J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 62 376 Google Scholar
[13]	Abd El-Latif A A, Abd-El-Atty B, Venegas-Andraca S E, Elwahsh H, Piran M J, Bashir A K, Song O Y, Mazurczyk W, 2020 IEEE Access 8 92687
[14]	Abd-El-Atty B, Iliyasu A M, Alaskar H, Alaskar H, Abd-El-Latif A A 2020 Sensors 20 3108 Google Scholar
[15]	Abd El-Latif A A, Abd-El-Atty B, Mazurczyk W, Fung C, Venegas-Andraca S E 2020 IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manage. 17 118 Google Scholar
[16]	Abd El-Latif A A, Abd-El-Atty B, Elseuofi S, Khalifa H S, Alghamdi A S, Polat K, Amin M 2020 Physica A 541 123687 Google Scholar
[17]	Abd El-Latif A A, Abd-El-Atty B, Amin M, Iliyasu A M 2020 Sci. Rep. 10 1 Google Scholar
[18]	Abd-El-Atty B, Iliyasu A M, Alanezi A, Abd El-latif AA 2021 Opt. Lasers Eng. 138 106403
[19]	Smith J D, Hill A J, Reeder L E, Franke B C, Lehoucp R B, Parekh O, Severa, M, Aimone J B 2022 Nat. Electron. 5 102 Google Scholar
[20]	Godsil C, Zhan H M 2019 J. Comb. Theory A 167 181 Google Scholar
[21]	Singh S, Chawla P, Sarkar A, Chandrashekar C M 2021 Sci. Rep. 11 1
[22]	Tsafack N, Kengne J, Abd-El-Atty B, Iliyasu A M, Hirota K, Abd EL-Latif A A 2020 Inf. Sci. 515 191 Google Scholar
[23]	王一诺, 宋昭阳, 马玉林, 华南, 马鸿洋 2021 70 10 Wang Y N, Song Z Y, Ma Y L, Hua N, Ma H Y 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 10
[24]	Kocarev L 2001 IEEE. Circ. Syst. Mag. 1 6
[25]	Guan Z H, Huang F J, Guan W J 2005 Phys. Lett. A 346 153 Google Scholar
[26]	Lian S G, Sun J S, Wang Z Q 2005 Physica A 351 645 Google Scholar
[27]	Xiao D, Liao X F, Wei P C 2009 Chaos. Solitons Fractals 40 2191
[28]	Zhang X P, Zhao Z M, Wang J Y 2014 Signal Process. Image Commun. 29 902 Google Scholar
[29]	Assad S E, Farajallah M 2016 Signal Process. Image Commun. 41 144 Google Scholar
[30]	Wang M G, Wang X Y, Zhang Y Q, Zhou S, Zhao T T, Yao N M 2019 Opt. Lasers Eng. 121 479 Google Scholar
[31]	Kumar V, Girdhar A 2021 Multimed Tools Appl. 80 3749
[32]	Huang W, Jiang D H, An Y S, Liu L D, Wang X Y 2021 IEEE Access 9 41704 Google Scholar
[33]	Rakesh S, Kaller A A, Shadakshari B C, Annappa B 2012 IJCIS 2 49
[34]	Huang X L, Ye G D 2014 Commun. Nonlinear Sci. 19 4094 Google Scholar
[35]	Wang M X, Wang X Y, Zhang Y Q, Zheng G 2018 Opt. Laser Technol. 108 558 Google Scholar
[36]	Zhou W J, Wang X Y, Wang M X, Li D Y 2022 Opt. Laser Eng. 149 106782 Google Scholar

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