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本文使用镅-241作为α粒子放射源, 开展65和90 nm静态随机存取存储器软错误机理研究, 结合反向分析、TRIM和CREME-MC蒙特卡罗仿真揭示α粒子在器件中的能量输运过程、沉积能量谱和截面特性. 结果表明, 65 nm器件的软错误敏感性远高于90 nm器件, 未发现翻转极性. 根据西藏羊八井地区4300 m海拔的实时测量软错误率、热中子敏感性和α粒子软错误率, 演算得到65 nm静态随机存取存储器在北京海平面应用的总体软错误率为429 FIT/Mb, 其中α粒子的贡献占比为70.63%. 基于反向分析结果构建器件三维仿真模型, 研究α粒子入射角度对单粒子翻转特性的影响, 发现随着入射角度从0°增大至60°, 灵敏区中粒子数峰值处对应的沉积能量值减小了40%, 原因为衰变α粒子的能量较低, 入射角度增大导致α粒子穿过空气层和多层金属布线的厚度增大1/cos(θ)倍, 引起粒子能量减小, 有效LET值随之减小. 随着入射角度从0°增大至60°, 单粒子翻转截面增大了79%, 原因为65 nm器件灵敏区中明显的单粒子翻转边缘效应.In this paper, the Am-241 is used as an alpha particle radioactive source to investigate the soft error mechanism in 65-nm and 90-nm static random accessmemory (SRAM). Combining reverse analysis, TRIM and CREME-MC Monte Carlo simulation, the energy transport process, deposited energy spectrum and cross-section characteristics of alpha particles in the device are revealed. The results show that the soft error sensitivity of the 65-nm device is much higher than that of the 90-nm device, and no flipping polarity is found. According to the real-time measured soft error rate at an altitude of 4300 m in Tibetan Yangbajing area, the thermal neutron sensitivity and alpha particle soft error rate, the overall soft error rate of 65-nm SRAM used at sea level of Beijing city is 429 FIT/Mb, and the contribution from alpha particles is 70.63%. Based on the results of reverse analysis, a three-dimensional simulation model of the device is constructed to study the influence of the incident angle of alpha particles on the single event upset characteristics. It is found that the corresponding deposition energy value at the peak of the number of particles in the sensitive region decreases by 40% with the incident angle increasing from 0° to 60°. While the single event upset cross sectionincreases by 79% due to the apparent single event upset edge effect in a sensitive region of the 65-nm device.
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Keywords:
- alpha particle /
- soft error /
- single event upset /
- accelerated test
[1] May T C, Woods M H 1979 IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. ED-26 2
[2] Bhuva B 2018 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) San Francisco, CA, USA, December 1−5, 2018 p34.4.1
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Zhang Z G 2013 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
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图 2 蒙卡仿真得到的65 nm SRAM硅片表面α粒子分布图
Fig. 2. α particle distribution on the silicon surface of the 65 nm SRAM.
图 3 蒙卡仿真得到的90 nm SRAM硅片表面α粒子分布图
Fig. 3. α particle distribution on the silicon surface of the 90 nm SRAM.
图 5 65 nm SRAM的反向分析结果 (a)横切面; (b)存储区图像
Fig. 5. Reverse analysis results of the 65 nm SRAM: (a) Cross section; (b) memory area image.
图 6 TRIM仿真结果 (a) α粒子在器件中的传播轨迹; (b)器件横断面视角下的α粒子轨迹(粒子初始入射位置为中心零点处)
Fig. 6. TRIM simulation results: (a) The propagation trajectory of alpha particles in the device; (b) the alpha particle trajectory from the cross-sectional view of the device (the initial incident position of the particle is at the zero center).
图 8 不同入射角度下器件灵敏区中的沉积能量谱
Fig. 8. Deposited energy spectra in sensitive regions of devices at different incident angles.
图 9 α粒子在硅材料中的LET值与能量的关系
Fig. 9. Relationship between LET value and energy of α particle in silicon material.
图 10 不同入射角度下单粒子翻转截面与临界能量的关系
Fig. 10. Relationship between single event upset cross section and critical energy at different incident angles.
图 11 不同入射角度下的单粒子翻转截面
Fig. 11. Single event upset cross section at different incident angles.
表 1 使用的放射源参数
Table 1. Parameters of the radioactive source being used.
α粒子源 Am-241 放射率/粒子·2π–1·min–1 5.73 × 105 尺寸 圆柱体, Φ18 mm, 1 mm厚 
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表 2 被测器件参数
Table 2. Parameters of the devices under test.
器件类型 型号 厂商 工艺尺寸/nm 测试容量/Mb 工作电压/V 硅片尺寸 DDR-II SRAM CY7C1318 CYPRESS 65 1.125 1.8 5 mm × 8 mm QDR-II SRAM CY7C1412 CYPRESS 65 18 1.8 5 mm × 8 mm SRAM CY7C1019D CYPRESS 90 1 3.3 2 mm × 2 mm
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表 3 SEU截面测试结果
Table 3. Test results of SEU cross section.
器件 测试容量/Mb 粒子注量率/cm–2·s–1 测试时长 SEU数量 SEU截面/cm2·bit–1 CY7 C1318(65 nm) 1.125 1.33 × 103 7 min 52 s 204 2.76 × 10–10 CY7 C1412(65 nm) 18 1.33 × 103 3 min 41 s 1613 2.91 × 10–10 CY7 C1019 D(90 nm) 1 7.42 × 102 16 h 127 2.83 × 10–12
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表 4 α粒子发射率等级及对应的软错误率
Table 4. The α particle emissivity level and corresponding soft error rate.
α粒子发射率等级 发射率/cm–2·h–1 65 nm SRAM软错误率/FIT·Mb–1 90 nm SRAM软错误率/FIT·Mb–1 ULA ~0.001 3.03 × 102 2.97 Low Alpha (LA) ~0.01 3.03 × 103 29.7 Uncontrolled Alpha ~20 6.06 × 106 5.94 × 104
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表 5 65 nm SRAM在4300 m海拔试验地点及北京海平面使用时的软错误率及α粒子、高能中子和热中子贡献占比
Table 5. Soft error rates of the 65 nm SRAM at the experimental site with an altitude of 4300 m and sea level of Beijing city being used. The contribution rates of α particle, high energy neutron and thermal neutron are analyzed, respectively.
粒子种类 4300 m海拔处的软错误率/FIT·Mb–1 占比(4300 m海拔) 北京海平面处的软错误率/FIT·Mb–1 占比(北京海平面) 全部 2356 100% 429 100% α粒子 303 12.86% 303 70.63% 高能中子 2053 87.14% 126 29.37% 热中子 0 0% 0 0%
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表 6 65 nm SRAM的存储单元尺寸和灵敏区参数
Table 6. Memory cell size and SV parameters of the 65 nm SRAM device.
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[1] May T C, Woods M H 1979 IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. ED-26 2
[2] Bhuva B 2018 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) San Francisco, CA, USA, December 1−5, 2018 p34.4.1
[3] Lei Z F, Zhang Z G, En Y F, Huang Y 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 066105
Google Scholar
[4] 王勋, 张凤祁, 陈伟, 郭晓强, 丁李利, 罗尹虹 2019 68 052901
Google Scholar
Wang X, Zhang F Q, Chen W, Guo X Q, Ding L L, Luo Y H 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 052901
Google Scholar
[5] JESD89 A Measurement and Reporting of Alpha Particle and Terrestrial Cosmic Ray-Induced Soft Errors in Semiconductor Devices JEDEC standard, October 2006 [标准]
[6] Auden E C, Quinn H M, Wender S A, O’ Donnell J M, Lisowski P W, George J S, Xu N, Black D A, Black J D 2020 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 67 29
Google Scholar
[7] Weulersse C, Houssany S, Guibbaud N, Segura-Ruiz J, Beaucour J, Miller F, Mazurek M 2018 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 65 1851
Google Scholar
[8] Autran J L, Munteanu D, Sauze S, Gasiot G, Roche P 2014 IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop (REDW) Paris, France, July 14−18, 2014 p1
[9] Lee S, Uemura T, Monga U, Choi J H, Kim G, Pae S 2017 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS) Monterey, CA, USA, April 2−6, 2017 pSE-1.1
[10] Uemura T, Lee S, Min D, Moon I, Lim J, Lee S, Sagong H C, Pae S 2018 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS) Burlingame, CA, USA, March 11−15, 2018 pSE.1-1
[11] Fang Y, Oates A S 2018 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS) Burlingame, CA, USA, March 11−15, 2018 p4C.2-1
[12] Zhang Z, Lei Z, Tong T, Li X, Xi K, Peng C, Shi Q, He Y, Huang Y, En Y 2019 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 66 1368
Google Scholar
[13] The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter, Ziegler J F http://www.srim.org/ [2019-7-3]
[14] Ziegler J F, Biersack J P, Littmark U 1985 The Stopping and Range of Ions in Solids (New York: Pergamon Press)
[15] Adams J H, Barghouty A F, Mendenhall M H, Reed R A, Sierawski B D, Warren K M, Watts J W, Weller R A 2012 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 59 3141
Google Scholar
[16] Tylka A J, Adams J H, Boberg P R, Brownstein B, Dietrich W F, Flueckiger E O, Petersen E L, Shea M A, Smart D F, Smith E C 1997 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 44 2150
Google Scholar
[17] Weller R A, Mendenhall M H, Reed R A, Schrimpf R D, Warren K M, Sierawski B D, Massengill L W 2010 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 57 1726
Google Scholar
[18] Mendenhall M H, Weller R A 2012 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 667 38
Google Scholar
[19] Zhang Z, Lei Z, En Y, Liu J 2016 Radiation Effects on Components & Systems Conference (RADECS) Bremen, Germany, September 19−23, 2016 PH14
[20] Gu S, Liu J, Zhao F Z, Zhang Z G, Bi J S, Geng C, Hou M D, Liu G, Liu T Q, Xi K 2015 Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 342 286
Google Scholar
[21] 张战刚 2013 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)
Zhang Z G 2013 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
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