光子高阶轨道角动量制备、调控及传感应用研究进展

陈理想; 张远颖

doi:10.7498/aps.64.164210

摘要

光子既是经典信息也是量子信息的理想载体. 单个光子不仅可以携带自旋角动量(与光波的圆偏振相关), 还可以携带轨道角动量(与光波的螺旋相位相关). 而轨道角动量的重要意义在于可利用单个光子的量子态构建一个高维的Hilbert空间, 从而实现高维量子信息的编码. 自Allen等于1992年确认光子轨道角动量的物理存在以来, 轨道角动量在经典光学和量子光学领域展现了诸多诱人的应用前景, 目前已成为国际光学领域的研究热点之一. 本综述将着重介绍高阶轨道角动量光束的制备与调控技术, 特别是高阶轨道角动量的量子纠缠态操控、旋转Doppler 效应测量及其在远程传感和精密测量技术中的应用.

关键词:

Abstract

Photons are an ideal candidate for encoding both classical and quantum information. Besides spin angular momentum associated with circular polarization, single photon can also carry other fundamentally new degree of freedom of orbital angular momentum related to the spiral phase structure of light. The key significance of orbital angular momentum lies in its potential in realizing a high-dimensional Hilbert space and in encoding a high-dimensional quantum information. Since Allen et al. [Allen L, Beijersbergen M W, Spreeuw R J C, Woerdman J P 1992 Phys. Rev. A 45 8185] recognized the physical reality of photon orbital angular momentum in 1992, rapidly growing interest has been aroused in orbital angular momentum (OAM) from both classical and quantum points of view. Here we present an overall review on the high-order orbital angular momentum of photon, including its preparation and manipulation based on some specific techniques and also its applications. The spatial light modulator is a commercial device that has been widely employed to generate the OAM beams. We make and identify the optical OAM superposition with very high quantum numbers up to l=360. Recently, the metallic spiral phase mirrors were also developed to produce high-order OAM beams up to l=5050. In addition, the Q-plates made of anisotropic and inhomogeneous liquid crystals were invented to generate high-order OAM beams in a polarization-controllable manner, and the OAM superposition of l=± 50 were achieved. Owing to high rotational symmetry, these high OAM beams have been found to have more and more important applications in the fields of high-sensitivity sensing and high-precision measurements. Two fascinating examples are discussed in detail. The first example is that the research group led by Prof. Zeilinger has prepared and observed the quantum entanglement of high orbital angular momenta up to l=±300 by the technique of polarization-OAM entanglement swapping, and they demonstrated that the angular resolution could be significantly improved by a factor of l. Their result was the first step for entangling and twisting even macroscopic, spatially separated objects in two different directions. The second example is that the research group led by Prof. Padgett has demonstrated an elegant experiment of rotational Doppler effects for visible light with l=±20 OAM superposition. They showed that a spinning object with an optically rough surface might induce a Doppler effect in light reflected from the direction parallel to the rotation axis, and the frequency shift was proportional to both the disk's angular speed and the optical OAM. The potential applications in noncontact measurement of angular speed and in significant improvement of angular resolution for remote sensing will be particularly fascinating.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
厦门大学物理学系, 厦门 361005

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11104233, 11474238)、教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划(批准号: NCET-13-0495)、福建省杰出青年基金(批准号: 2015J06002)、福建省高等学校新世纪优秀人才支持计划和厦门大学校长基金(批准号: 2012121015)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11104233, 11474238), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. NCET-13-0495), the Science Foundation of Fujian Province for Distinguished Young Scientists, China (Grant No. 2015J06002), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universities of Fujian Province, China, and the Principal Fund of Xiamen University, China (Grant No. 2012121015).

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施引文献

[1]	Poynting J H 1909 Pro. R. Soc. London A 82 560
[2]	Beth R A 1936 Phys. Rev. 50 115
[3]	Allen L, Beijersbergen M W, Spreeuw R J C, Woerdman J P 1992 Phys. Rev. A 45 8185
[4]	He H, Friese M E J, Heckenberg N R, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 826
[5]	Allen L, Barnett S M, Padgett M J 2003 Optical Angular Momentum (London: Institute of Physics Publishing)
[6]	Padgett M, Courtial J, Allen L 2004 Phys. Today 57 35
[7]	Yao A M, Padgett M J 2011 Adv. Opt. Photonics 3 161
[8]	Padgett M J, Bowman R 2011 Nat. Photon 5 343
[9]	Ashkin A, Dziedzic J M, Bjorkholm J E, Chu Steven 1986 Opt. Lett. 11 288
[10]	Friese M E J, Nieminen T A, Heckenberg N R, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H 1998 Nature 394 348
[11]	O'Neil A T, MacVicar I, Allen L, Padgett M J 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 053601
[12]	Simpson N B, Dholakia K, Allen L, Padgett M J 1997 Opt. Lett. 22 52
[13]	Paterson L, MacDonald M P, Arlt J, Sibbett W, Bryant P E, Dholakia K 2001 Science 292 912
[14]	Grier D G 2003 Nature 424 810
[15]	Jesacher A, Fürhapter S, Bernet S, Ritsch-Marte M 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 233902
[16]	Davis J A, McNamara D E, Cottrell D M, Campos J 2000 Opt. Lett. 25 99
[17]	Jack B, Leach J, Romero J, Franke-Arnold S, Ritsch-Marte M, Barnett S M, Padgett M J 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 083602
[18]	Torner L, Torres J, Carrasco S 2005 Opt. Express 13 873
[19]	Petrov D, Rahuel N, Molina-Terriza G, Torner L 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 869
[20]	Barnes W L, Dereux A, Ebbesen T W 2003 Nature 424 824
[21]	Shen Z, Hu Z J, Yuan G H, Min C J, Fang H, Yuan X C 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 4627
[22]	Yu H H, Zhang H J, Wang Y C, Han S, Yang H F, Xu X G, Wang Z P, Petrov V, Wang J Y 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 3191
[23]	Heeres R W, Zwiller V 2014 Nano. Lett. 14 4598
[24]	Karimi E, Schulz S A, de Leon I, Qassim H, Upham J, Boyd R W 2014 Light: Sci. Appl. 3 e167
[25]	Yu S Y 2015 Opt. Express 23 3075
[26]	Willner A E, Huang H, Yan Y, Ren Y, Ahmed N, Xie G, Bao C, Li L, Cao Y, Zhao Z, Wang J, Lavery M P J, Tur M, Ramachandran S, Molisch A F, Ashraf N, Ashrafi S 2015 Adv. Opt. Photon 7 66
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[28]	Gibson G, Courtial J, Padgett M J, Vasnetsov M, Pas' ko V, Barnett S M, Franke-Arnold S 2004 Opt. Express 12 5448
[29]	Wang J, Yang J Y, Fazal I M, Ahmed N, Yan Y, Huang H, Ren Y, Yue Y, Dolinar S, Tur M, Willner A E 2012 Nat. Photon 6 488
[30]	Willner A E, Wang J, Huang H 2012 Science 337 655
[31]	Bozinovic N, Yue Y, Ren Y, Tur M, Kristensen P, Huang H, Willner A E, Ramachandran S 2013 Science 340 1545
[32]	Krenn M, Fickler R, Fink M, Handsteiner J, Malik M, Scheidl T, Ursin R, Zeilinger A 2014 New J. Phys. 16 113028
[33]	Lanyon B P, Barbieri M, Almeida M P, White A G 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 200501
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[35]	Mair A, Vaziri A, Weihs G, Zeilinger A 2001 Nature 412 313
[36]	Leach J, Jack B, Romero J, Jha A K, Yao A M, Franke-Arnold S, Ireland D G, Boyd R W, Barnett S M, Padgett M J 2010 Science 329 662
[37]	Molina-Terriza G, Torres J P, Torner L 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 305
[38]	Vaziri A, Pan J W, Jennewein T, Weihs G, Zeilinger A 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 227902
[39]	Vaziri A, Weihs G, Zeilinger A 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 240401
[40]	Gröblacher S, Jennewein T, Vaziri A, Weihs G, Zeilinger A 2006 New J. Phys. 8 75
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[48]	D'Ambrosio V, Nagali E, Walborn S P, Aolita L, Slussarenko S, Marrucci L, Sciarrino F 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 961
[49]	Malik M, Mirhosseini M, Lavery M P J, Leach J, Padgett M J, Boyd R W 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3115
[50]	Ren X F, Guo G P, Huang Y F, Li C F, Guo G C 2008 Opt. Commun. 281 5063
[51]	Deng L, Wang H, Wang K 2007 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24 2517
[52]	Li C F 2009 Phys. Rev. A 80 063814
[53]	Shi Y, Shen B F, Zhang L G, Zhang X M, Wang W P, Xu Z Z 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 235001
[54]	Chen L, She W 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 032305
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[58]	Zhao S M, Leach J, Gong L Y, Ding J, Zheng B Y 2012 Opt. Express 20 452
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[62]	Chen L, Romero J 2012 Opt. Express 20 21687
[63]	Chen L, Lei J, Romero J 2014 Light: Sci. Appl. 3 e153
[64]	Ding D S, Zhou Z Y, Shi B S, Guo G C 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2527
[65]	Ding D S, Zhang W, Zhou Z Y, Shi S, Xiang G Y, Wang X S, Jiang Y K, Shi B S, Guo G C 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 050502
[66]	Wang X L, Cai X D, Su Z E, Chen M C, Wu D, Li L, Liu N L, Lu C Y, Pan J W 2015 Nature 518 516
[67]	Lei T, Zhang M, Li Y R, Jia P, Liu G N, Xu X G, Li Z H, Min C J, Lin J, Yu C Y, Niu H B, Yuan X C 2015 Light: Sci. Appl. 4 e257
[68]	Fickler R, Lapkiewicz R, Plick W N, Krenn M, Schaeff C, Ramelow S, Zeilinger A 2012 Science 338 640
[69]	Bazhenov V Yu, Vasnetsov M V, Soskin M S 1990 JETP Lett. 52 429
[70]	Ye F W, Li Y P 2003 Acta Phys. Sin. 52 328
[71]	Qi X Q, Gao C Q, Liu Y D 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 264
[72]	Beijersbergen M W, Coerwinkel R P C, Kristensen M, Woerdman J P 1994 Opt. Commun. 112 321
[73]	Oemrawsingh S S R, van Houwelingen J A W, Eliel E R, Woerdman J P, Verstegen E J K, Kloosterboer J G, Hooft G W 2004 Appl. Opt. 43 688
[74]	Beijerbergen M W, Allen L, van der Veen H E I O, Woeman J P 1993 Opt. Commun. 96 123
[75]	Padgett M, Arlt J, Simpson N 1996 Am. J. Phys. 64 77
[76]	Dmitri V. Petrov, Fernando Canal, Lluis Torner 1997 Opt. Commun. 143 265
[77]	Cai X, Wang J, Strain M J, Johnson-Morris B, Zhu J, Sorel M, O'Brien J L, Thompson M G, Yu S 2012 Science 338 363
[78]	Monroe D 2015 Physics 8 7
[79]	Courtial J, Dholakia K, Allen L, Padgett M J 1997 Opt. Commun. 144 210
[80]	Savage N 2009 Nat. Photon 3 170
[81]	Chen L, Zhang W, Lu Q, Lin X 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 053831
[82]	Zhang W, Qi Q, Zhou J, Chen L 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 153601
[83]	Chen L, Zhang W, Cai K, Zhang Y, Qi Q 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 5897
[84]	Campbell G, Hage B, Buchler B, Lam P K 2012 Appl. Opt. 51 873
[85]	Shen Y, Campbell G T, Hage B, Zou H, Buchler B C, Lam P K 2013 J. Opt. 15 044005
[86]	Marrucci L, Manzo C, Paparo D 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 221102
[87]	Marrucci L, Manzo C, Paparo D 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 163905
[88]	Slussarenko S, Murauski A, Du T, Chigrinov V, Marrucci L, Santamato E 2011 Opt. Express 19 4085
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