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In this paper, a design method is presented for frequency-phase composite reconfigurable metasurfaces. N PIN diodes are introduced into the metasurface unit. The on-off states of these PIN diodes regulate the resonance characteristics of the unit, constructing 2N switchable reflection phase states. After optimizing structural parameters, these reflection phase curves show that there is a 180° phase difference between different frequency bands. By regulating frequency and phase regulation, the operational bandwidth of reconfigurable phase-shifting metasurface is effectively expanded. Based on this method, an ultra-wideband 1-bit phase-shifting metasurface unit is designed. Its 1-bit phase regulation band covers 5.4—13.0 GHz, with a relative bandwidth of 82.6%. Lumped capacitors are adopted and their positions are optimized to precisely adjust current distribution, enabling low-loss performance of the unit. The unit with a thickness of only 0.09 λ features low profile, low cost, and low loss. A 16 × 16 unit array is further constructed. Through coding regulation, the metasurface can generate scattering-controllable beams and orbital angular momentum vortex waves. Experimental results show that the metasurface can achieve a radar cross section reduction of over 10 dB in the ultra-wideband range, demonstrating dynamic beam steering capability and high-efficiency low-scattering performance. This design offers new insights into applying reconfigurable metasurfaces to broadband communication, radar stealth, and intelligent electromagnetic environment regulation.
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Keywords:
- reconfigurable metasurface /
- ultra-wideband /
- frequency reconfigurable /
- low radar cross section
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图 1 矩形贴片超表面单元 (a) 单元侧视图; (b) 单元不同金属贴片尺寸的反射相位
Figure 1. Metasurface element with rectangular patch: (a) Isometric view; (b) reflection phases of the element with different patch sizes.
图 2 超表面基本单元演变过程 (a) 1比特单元; (b) 频率可重构1比特单元; (c) 低损耗频率可重构1比特单元
Figure 2. Design process of the metasurface element: (a) 1 bit element; (b) frequency-reconfigurable 1 bit element; (c) low-loss and frequency-reconfigurable 1 bit element.
图 3 单元结构示意图 (a) 单元透视图; (b) 单元俯视图; (c) 单元仰视图
Figure 3. Structure of the metasurface element: (a) Isometric view; (b) top view; (c) bottom view.
图 4 偏置线对单元反射性能的影响 (a) 幅度; (b) 相位
Figure 4. Influence of biasing circuit on reflection performance: (a) Reflection amplitude; (b) reflection phase.
图 5 10.5 GHz时单元反射幅度分析 (a) 不含电容单元的表面电流分布; (b) 不含电容单元的反射幅度; (c) 含电容单元的表面电流分布; (d) 含电容单元的反射幅度; (e) 电容位置变化时的表面电流分布; (f) 电容位置变化时的反射幅度
Figure 5. Reflection amplitude Analysis of the element at 10.5 GHz: (a) Surface current distribution and (b) reflection amplitude of the element without capacitors; (c) surface current distribution and (d) reflection amplitude of the element with capacitors; (e) surface current distribution and (f) reflection amplitude of the element with different capacitors locations.
图 6 单元反射性能曲线 (a) “11”和“10”状态; (b) “00”和10”状态; (c) “00”和01”状态; (d) “11”和“01”状态
Figure 6. Reflection characteristic of the element: (a) States of “11” and “10”; (b) states of “00” and “10”; (c) states of “00” and “01”; (d) states of “11” and “01”.
图 7 超表面在9 GHz时不同的相位编码排布及散射方向图 (a) 单波束; (b) 双波束; (c) 三波束; (d) 漫散射
Figure 7. Different scattering patterns of the metasurface at 9 GHz: (a) Single beam; (b) double beam; (c) triple beam; (d) diffuse scattering.
图 8 散射方向图分析与单站RCS对比 (a) 散射方向图; (b) RCS对比
Figure 8. Scattering pattern and monostatic RCS comparison: (a) Scattering pattern; (b) RCS.
图 9 超表面在棋盘相位编码排布时的散射方向图 (a) 6.9 GHz; (b) 9.0 GHz; (c) 11.2 GHz; (d) 12.2 GHz
Figure 9. The scattering pattern of the metasurface with checkerboard coding configuration: (a) 6.9 GHz; (b) 9.0 GHz; (c) 11.2 GHz; (d) 12.2 GHz.
图 10 超表面在不同频率时产生OAM涡旋波及其相位编码排布 (a) 6.9 GHz, θ = 15°; (b) 9.0 GHz, θ = 15°; (c) 11.2 GHz, θ = 15°; (d) 12.2 GHz, θ = 15°; (e) 6.9 GHz, θ = 30°; (f) 9.0 GHz, θ = 30°; (g) 11.2 GHz, θ = 30°; (h) 12.2 GHz, θ = 30°
Figure 10. OAM vortex waves generated by the metasurface at different frequencies: (a) 6.9 GHz, θ = 15°; (b) 9.0 GHz, θ = 15°; (c) 11.2 GHz, θ = 15°; (d) 12.2 GHz, θ = 15°; (e) 6.9 GHz, θ = 30°; (b) 9.0 GHz, θ = 30°; (c) 11.2 GHz, θ = 30°; (d) 12.2 GHz, θ = 30°.
图 11 超表面在6.9 GHz处OAM散射波束俯仰角θ = 30°时的相位分布及模式纯度分析 (a) l = 1的相位分布; (b) l = –1的相位分布; (c) l = 1的模式纯度
Figure 11. Phase and mode purity analysis of OAM vortex waves at 6.9 GHz (θ = 30°): (a) Phase distribution for l = 1; (b) phase distribution for l = –1; (c) mode purity for l = 1.
图 12 同尺寸金属板与超表面在各频带内产生不同OAM涡旋波时的RCS (a) 波束θ = 15°; (b) 波束θ = 30°
Figure 12. Monostatic RCS of the metal plate and the metasurface in the state of generating different OAM vortex waves: (a) θ = 15°; (b) θ = 30°.
图 13 8 × 8超表面样件及测试 (a) 样件正面; (b) 样件背面; (c) 微波暗室测试示意图
Figure 13. Picture and test of the metasurface with 8 × 8 elements: (a) Top view; (b) back view; (c) test in the anechoic chamber.
图 14 仿真与测试的超表面RCS减缩效果 (a) 棋盘相位编码排布; (b) 左右对称相位编码排布
Figure 14. Simulated and measured monostatic RCS reduction of the metasurface: (a) Chessboard coding configuration; (b) symmetrtic coding configuration.
图 15 仿真与测试的超表面yoz面散射方向图 (a) 单波束; (b) 双波束; (c) 三波束
Figure 15. Simulated and measured scattering pattern of the metasurface at yoz plane: (a) Single beam; (b) double beam; (c) triple beam.
表 1 本文设计的可重构超表面单元与已有文献比较
Table 1. Comparison of in this work and metasurface cells in previous work.
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