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元素镁和铝是地壳中丰度较高且被广泛应用于工业工程中的金属材料, 其在高压下能以单质形式形成电子化合物, 导致丰富多彩的晶体结构和电子性质. 本研究采用第一性原理结构搜索方法系统地对0—500 GPa压力范围内镁铝合金的可能结构进行探索, 获得了8种可在不同压强范围下稳定存在的晶体结构和2种亚稳的富镁合金结构, 其中6种稳定结构具有电子化合物特征. 通过计算分析验证了电子化合物中间隙准原子对晶格振动特性的影响, 同时在富镁合金结构中发现铝原子具有独特的–5e超高氧化价态, 形成满壳层电子结构. 本研究丰富了镁铝合金的高压相图, 并为开发新型高压功能材料提供了理论参考.Magnesium and aluminum are abundant metals in the Earth’s crust and widely utilized in industrial engineering. Under high pressure, these elements can form elemental compounds into single substances, resulting in a variety of crystal structures and electronic properties. In this study, the possible structures of magnesium-aluminum alloys are systematically investigated in a pressure range of 0–500 GPa by using the first-principles structure search method, with energy and electronic structure calculations conducted using the VASP package. Bader charge analysis elucidates atomic and interstitial quasi-atom (ISQ) valence states, while lattice dynamics are analyzed using the PHONOPY package via the small-displacement supercell approach. Eight stable phases(MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m, MgAl3-P63/mmc, MgAl-P4/mmm, MgAl-Pmmb, MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m, Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1, Mg3Al-P63/mmc, Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m) and two metastable phases (Mg4Al-I4/m, Mg5Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1) are identified. The critical pressures and stable intervals for phase transitions are precisely determined. Notably, MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m, Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1, Mg4Al-I4/m and Mg5Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1 represent newly predicted structures. Analysis of electronic localization characteristics reveals that six stable structures (MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m, MgAl3-P63/mmc, MgAl-Pmmb, MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m, Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1 and Mg3Al-P63/mmc) exhibit electronic properties of electrides. The ISQs primarily originate from charge transfer of Mg atoms. In the metastable phase Mg4Al-I4/m, Al atoms are predicted to achieve an Al5–valence state, filling the p shell. This finding demonstrates that by adjusting the Mg/Al ratio and pressure conditions, a transition from traditional electrides to high negative valence states can be realized, offering new insights into the development of novel high-pressure functional materials. Furthermore, all Mg-Al compounds display metallic behaviors, with their stability attributed to Al-p-d orbital hybridization, which significantly contributes to the Al-3p/3d orbitals near the Fermi level. Additionally, LA-TA splitting is observed in MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m, with a splitting value of 45.49 cm–1, confirming the unique regulatory effect of ISQs on lattice vibrational properties. These results elucidate the rich structural and electronic properties of magnesium-aluminum alloys as electrodes, offering deeper insights into their behavior under high pressure and inspiring further exploration of structural and property changes in high-pressure alloys composed of light metal elements and p-electron metals.
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Keywords:
- magnesium-aluminum alloys /
- high-pressure structure and phase transition /
- electrides /
- density functional theory
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图 1 MgmAln 体系在给定压强下的形成焓(热力学稳定的化合物用实心符号表示)
Fig. 1. Formation enthalpy of the MgmAln system at a given pressure. Thermodynamically stable compounds are indicated by solid symbols.
图 2 MgmAln化合物的压力-组分相图(黑色斜线区域表明对应的相在该压强范围是亚稳态)
Fig. 2. Pressure-composition phase diagram of MgmAln compounds, with the black hatched line area indicating that the corresponding phase is metastable within this pressure range.
图 3 (a) MgAl3的P63/mmc相对于Pm${\bar {3}} $m相在0—500 GPa范围内的焓差曲线; (b) MgAl的Pmmb相和Fd${\bar {3}} $m相对于P4/mmm相在0—500 GPa范围内的焓差曲线; (c) Mg3Al的Fm${\bar {3}} $m相对于P63/mmc相在0—500 GPa范围内的焓差曲线
Fig. 3. (a) Enthalpy difference curve of the P63/mmc phase of MgAl3 relative to the Pm${\bar {3}} $m phase within the range of 0−500 GPa; (b) the enthalpy difference curves of the Pmmb phase and Fd${\bar {3}} $m phase of MgAl relative to the P4/mmm phase within the range of 0−500 GPa; (c) the enthalpy difference curve of the Fm${\bar {3}} $m phase of Mg3Al relative to the P63/mmc phase within the range of 0−500 GPa.
图 4 稳定MgmAln化合物的晶体结构图(橙色和蓝色球分别代表Mg原子和Al原子) (a) MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m在100 GPa的结构; (b) MgAl3-P63/mmc在200 GPa的结构; (c) MgAl-P4/mmm在40 GPa的结构; (d) MgAl-Pmmb在95 GPa的结构; (e) MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m在350 GPa的结构; (f) Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1在500 GPa的结构; (g) Mg3Al-P63/mmc在50 GPa的结构; (h) Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m在350 GPa的结构
Fig. 4. Crystal structure of the predicted stable MgmAln compounds: (a) MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m at 100 GPa; (b) MgAl3-P63/mmc at 200 GPa; (c) MgAl-P4/mmm at 40 GPa; (d) MgAl-Pmmb at 95 GPa; (e) MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m at 350 GPa; (f) Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1 at 500 GPa; (g) Mg3Al-P63/mmc at 50 GPa; (h) Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m at 350 GPa. Orange and blue spheres represent Mg and Al atoms, respectively.
图 5 高压下MgmAln 结构的声子色散曲线 (a), (b) 在0 GPa和100 GPa下的MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m结构; (c)—(e) 在100 GPa, 200 GPa 和250 GPa下的MgAl3-P63/mmc结构; (f), (g) 在0 GPa和40 GPa下的MgAl-P4/mmm结构; (h)—(j) 在50 GPa, 95 GPa和150 GPa下的MgAl-Pmmb结构; (k)—(m) 在150 GPa, 350 GPa和500 GPa下的MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m结构; (n), (o) 在55 GPa和500 GPa下的Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1结构; (p), (q) 在0 GPa和50 GPa下的Mg3Al-P63/mmc结构; (r)—(t) 在60 GPa, 350 GPa和500 GPa下的Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m结构; (u), (v) 在0 GPa和500 GPa下的Mg4Al-I4/m结构; (w), (x) 在35 GPa和500 GPa下的Mg5Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1结构
Fig. 5. Phonon dispersion curves of the predicted MgmAln structures under high pressure: (a), (b) MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m at 0 GPa and 100 GPa; (c)–(e) MgAl3-P63/mmc at 100 GPa, 200 GPa and 250 GPa; (f), (g) MgAl-P4/mmm at 0 GPa and 40 GPa; (h)–(j) MgAl-Pmmb at 50 GPa, 95 GPa and 150 GPa; (k)–(m) MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m at 150 GPa, 350 GPa and 500 GPa; (n), (o) Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1 at 55 GPa and 500 GPa; (p), (q) Mg3Al-P63/mmc at 0 GPa and 50 GPa; (r)–(t) Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m at 60 GPa, 350 GPa and 500 GPa; (u), (v) Mg4Al-I4/m at 0 GPa and 500 GPa; (w), (x) Mg5Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1 at 35 GPa and 500 GPa.
图 6 MgmAln化合物的原子间距离直方图 (a) 100 GPa的MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m结构; (b) 200 GPa的MgAl3-P63/mmc结构; (c) 40 GPa的MgAl-P4/mmm结构; (d) 95 GPa的MgAl-Pmmb结构; (e) 350 GPa的MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m结构; (f) 500 GPa的Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1结构; (g) 50 GPa的Mg3Al-P63/mmc结构; (h) 350 GPa的Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m结构
Fig. 6. Histograms of interatomic distances for MgmAln structures: (a) MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m at 100 GPa; (b) MgAl3-P63/mmc at 200 GPa; (c) MgAl-P4/mmm at 40 GPa; (d) MgAl-Pmmb at 95 GPa; (e) MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m at 350 GPa; (f) Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1 at 500 GPa; (g) Mg3Al-P63/mmc at 50 GPa; (h) Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m at 350 GPa.
图 7 稳定的MgmAln化合物的电子局域化函数(ELF)图 (a) 100 GPa的MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m结构, ELF等值面为0.65; (b) 200 GPa的MgAl3-P63/mmc结构, 等值面为0.70; (c) 40 GPa的MgAl-P4/mmm结构, 等值面为0.70; (d) 95 GPa的MgAl-Pmmb结构, 等值面为0.70; (e) 350 GPa的MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m结构, 等值面为0.70; (f) 500 GPa的Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1结构, 等值面为0.70; (g) 50 GPa的Mg3Al-P63/mmc结构, 等值面为0.60; (h) 350 GPa的Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m结构, 等值面为0.65. 橙色球和蓝色球分别代表Mg原子和Al原子, 粉色小球代表间隙准原子中心
Fig. 7. Electron localization function (ELF) isosurface of stable MgmAln compounds: (a) MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m structure at 100 GPa, ELF isosurface is 0.65; (b) MgAl3-P63/mmc structure at 200 GPa, isosurface is 0.70; (c) MgAl-P4/mmm structure at 40 GPa, isosurface is 0.70; (d) MgAl-Pmmb structure at 95 GPa, isosurface is 0.70; (e) MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m structure at 350 GPa, isosurface is 0.70; (f) Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1 structure at 500 GPa, isosurface is 0.70; (g) Mg3Al-P63/mmc structure at 50 GPa, isosurface is 0.60; (h) Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m structure at 350 GPa, isosurface is 0.65. Orange and blue spheres represent Mg and Al atoms respectively, and pink small spheres represent the center of interstitial quasiatoms.
图 8 100 GPa压力下MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m结构的声子色散曲线, 图中蓝色点线是不考虑间隙电子影响的结果, 红色点划线是考虑了Bader电荷近似作为原子/ISQ有效电荷引起的库仑长程相互作用导致的LA-TA劈裂结果
Fig. 8. Phonon dispersion curves of the MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m structure at 100 GPa. The blue dotted lines in the figure represent the results without considering the influence of interstitial electrons, while the red dashed lines show the LA-TA splitting induced by the long-range interaction of approximating Bader charges of atom/ISQ.
图 9 稳定的MgmAln化合物的电子投影态密度(PDOS)图 (a) 100 GPa的 MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m结构; (b) 200 GPa的MgAl3-P63/mmc结构; (c) 40 GPa的 MgAl-P4/mmm结构; (d) 95 GPa的 MgAl-Pmmb结构; (e) 350 GPa的MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m结构; (f) 500 GPa的 Mg2Al- P${\bar {3}} $m1结构; (g) 50 GPa的Mg3Al-P63/mmc结构; (h) 350 GPa的 Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m结构
Fig. 9. Electronic projected density of states (PDOS) diagrams of stable MgmAln compounds: (a) MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m at 100 GPa; (b) MgAl3-P63/mmc at 200 GPa; (c) MgAl-P4/mmm at 40 GPa; (d) MgAl-Pmmb at 95 GPa; (e) MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m at 350 GPa; (f) Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1 at 500 GPa; (g) Mg3Al-P63/mmc at 50 GPa; (h) Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m at 350 GPa.
图 10 稳定的 MgmAln化合物的能带图 (a) 100 GPa的MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m结构; (b) 200 GPa的MgAl3-P63/mmc结构; (c) 40 GPa的MgAl-P4/mmm结构; (d) 95 GPa的MgAl-Pmmb结构; (e) 350 GPa的MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m结构; (f) 500 GPa的Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1结构; (g) 50 GPa的Mg3Al-P63/mmc结构; (h) 350 GPa的Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m结构
Fig. 10. Band structure of stable MgmAln compounds: (a) MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m at 100 GPa; (b) MgAl3-P63/mmc at 200 GPa; (c) MgAl-P4/mmm at 40 GPa; (d) MgAl-Pmmb at 95 GPa; (e) MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m at 350 GPa; (f) Mg2Al- P${\bar {3}} $m1 at 500 GPa; (g) Mg3Al-P63/mmc at 50 GPa; (h) Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m at 350 GPa.
表 1 给定压强下 MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m, MgAl3-P63/mmc, MgAl-P4/mmm, MgAl-Pmmb, MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m, Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1, Mg3Al-P63/mmc和Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m中Mg, Al原子的价态、间隙准原子的电荷量(e/site)和总的局域电荷量(e/cell)
Table 1. Valence state of Mg and Al atoms and the charge quantity per site (e/site) of interstitial quasiatom, as well as the total local charge quantity per cell (e/cell) in MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m, MgAl3-P63/mmc, MgAl-P4/mmm, MgAl-Pmmb, MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m, Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1, Mg3Al-P63/mmc and Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m at given pressure.
Phase Mg/atom Al/atom ISQ/(e·site–1) ISQ/(e·cell–1) Pm${\bar {3}} $m MgAl3 (100 GPa) +1.48 +1.07 0.39 4.68 P63/mmc MgAl3 (200 GPa) +1.45 +1.65 ISQ1: 1.69; ISQ2: 1.57;
ISQ3: 1.60; ISQ4: 1.5612.81 P4/mmm MgAl (40 GPa) +1.47 –1.47 — — Pmmb MgAl (95 GPa) +1.44 –0.40 ISQ1: 0.53; ISQ2: 0.51 2.09 Fd${\bar {3}} $m MgAl (350 GPa) +1.36 +1.53 1.44 23.07 P${\bar {3}} $m1 Mg2Al (500 GPa) +1.32 +0.70 ISQ1: 0.35; ISQ2: 0.26 3.33 P63/mmc Mg3Al (50 GPa) +1.37 –3.96 0.15 0.30 Fm${\bar {3}} $m Mg3Al (350 GPa) +1.31 –3.95 — — I4/m Mg4Al (300 GPa) +1.23 –4.91 — — I4/m Mg4Al (350 GPa) +1.23 –1.76 0.79 6.32 
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表 A1 MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m, MgAl3-P63/mmc, MgAl-P4/mmm, MgAl-Pmmb, MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m, Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1, Mg3Al-P63/mmc, Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m, Mg4Al-I4/m和Mg5Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1在给定压强下的晶格参数和原子位置
Table A1. Lattice parameters and atomic coordinates of MgAl3-Pm${\bar {3}} $m, MgAl3-P63/mmc, MgAl-P4/mmm, MgAl-Pmmb, MgAl-Fd${\bar {3}} $m, Mg2Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1, Mg3Al-P63/mmc, Mg3Al-Fm${\bar {3}} $m, Mg4Al-I4/m and Mg5Al-P${\bar {3}} $m1 at given pressure.
Phase Lattice
parameters/ÅAtom Site Atomic coordinates Pm${\bar {3}} $m MgAl3
(100 GPa)a = b = c = 3.4807,
α = β = γ = 90°Mg 1a (0.00000 0.00000 0.00000) Al 3c (0.50000 0.50000 0.00000) P63/mmc MgAl3
(200 GPa)a = b = 4.6192, c = 3.7511,
α = β = 90°, γ = 120°Mg 2d (0.33333 0.66667 0.75000) Al 6h (0.16575 0.33150 0.25000) P4/mmm MgAl
(40 GPa)a = b = 2.6468, c = 3.8386,
α = β = γ = 90°Mg 1d (0.50000 0.50000 0.50000) Al 1a (0.00000 0.00000 0.00000) Pmmb MgAl
(95 GPa)a = 4.0475, b = 2.4798, c = 4.3490,
α = β = γ = 90°Mg 2f (0.25000 0.50000 0.33732) Al 2e (0.25000 0.00000 0.83940) Fd${\bar {3}} $m MgAl
(350 GPa)a = b = c = 4.8837,
α = β = γ = 90°Mg 8a (0.50000 0.50000 0.00000) Al 8b (0.50000 0.00000 0.00000) P${\bar {3}} $m1 Mg2Al
(500 GPa)a = b = 3.3248, c = 2.0093,
α = β = 90°, γ = 120°Mg 2d (0.33333 0.66667 0.49763) Al 1a (0.00000 0.00000 0.00000) P63/mmc Mg3Al
(50 GPa)a = b = 5.3284, c = 4.3022,
α = β = 90°, γ = 120°Mg 6h (0.16784 0.83216 0.25000) Al 2d (0.66667 0.33333 0.25000) Fm${\bar {3}} $m Mg3Al
(350 GPa)a = b = c = 4.8981,
α = β = γ = 90°Mg 4b (0.50000 0.50000 0.50000) 8c (0.75000 0.75000 0.75000) Al 4a (0.00000 0.00000 0.00000) I4/m Mg4Al
(500 GPa)a = b = 4.4643, c = 3.2322,
α = β = γ = 90°Mg 8h (0.09518 0.70193 0.50000) Al 2a (0.00000 0.00000 0.00000) P${\bar {3}} $m1 Mg5Al
(500 GPa)a = b = 3.3132, c = 4.0870,
α = β = 90°, γ = 120°Mg 2d (0.66667 0.33333 0.31434) 2d (0.66667 0.33333 0.81145) 1a (0.00000 0.00000 0.00000) Al 1b (0.00000 0.00000 0.50000)
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