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人工视觉系统因在医疗诊断、机器视觉等领域具备广泛应用前景而备受关注, 但其发展长期受限于传统材料的物理瓶颈. 近年来, 二维半导体材料由于其出色的光电性能和原子级厚度, 被认为是构建人工视觉系统的革命性平台. 最新研究表明二维材料的可调谐带隙与高效光电转换特性已被成功应用于单目三维视差重建, 其动态成像速率可达传统器件的3倍以上. 尽管如此, 该领域仍面临显著挑战, 如二维材料大面积制备工艺复杂性, 宽光谱响应, 高帧率感知与低功耗平衡难题等问题. 这些问题的解决将推动人工传感系统向更智能、更精密的方向突破, 实现从仿生视网膜到类脑智能体的跃迁.Artificial visual system (AVS) has received increasing attention for their transformative potential in fields such as medical diagnostics, intelligent robotics, and machine vision. Traditional silicon-based imaging technologies, however, face significant limitations, including high energy consumption, limited dynamic range, and integration challenges. Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor materials, such as MoS2, WSe2, and black phosphorus have emerged as promising alternatives due to their atomically thin structure, tunable bandgaps, high carrier mobility, and superior optoelectronic properties. In this work, recent breakthroughs in the integration of 2D materials with AVS are investigated. Highlighted is the development of a reconfigurable four-terminal phototransistor array based on WSe2 and IGZO heterostructures, which enables monocular 3D disparity reconstruction without the need for multiple cameras or active light sources. The system demonstrates a dynamic imaging rate exceeding 33 frames per second and supports real-time sensing, memory storage, and ambipolar mode switching with ultralow power consumption (as low as 142 pW). Key innovations include multifunctional device architectures that simulate the retinal photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and even neural synapses, achieving functions such as image sensing, real-time adaptation, color recognition, motion tracking, and multimodal perception. Furthermore, by simulating the human neurovisual pathways, these 2D material-based devices can potentially realize in-sensor computing and neuromorphic processing, which substantially reduce data transfer bottlenecks and energy overhead. Nonetheless, the field is still in its formative stage. Here, several critical bottlenecks are emphasized: the lack of scalable, defect-controlled synthesis of 2D heterostructures; the limited spectral bandwidth and color fidelity of current photonic components; the immature state of neuromorphic elements, which often lacks stability, long-term memory, and bio-realistic plasticity. Moreover, the practical integration with real-world applications requires compatibility with high-density manufacturing and dynamic, multi-modal environments. In the future, artificial vision platforms, empowered by engineered 2D materials and heterostructures, will develop into highly compact, intelligent, and context-aware agents capable of autonomous perception and interaction in complex real-world settings.
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Keywords:
- two-dimensional materials /
- artificial visual systems /
- 3-dimensional visual information acquisition /
- bio-inspired sensory perception
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图 1 可重构PCHT架构[1] (a) PCHT结构示意图; (b) PCHT阵列的光学图像; (c) 三维视差可重构原理. 引用图片已获相关授权
Fig. 1. Reconfigurable PCHT architecture[1]: (a) Schematic diagram of reconfigurable PCHT, array and chip; (b) optical image of our monolithic integrated reconfigurable PCHT array; (c) 3D parallax reconstruction principle. Reproduced with permission from Springer Nature.
图 2 PCHT模型光电特性[1] (a) 动态成像模式工作机制模型; (b) 静态成像模式工作机制模型; (c) 双极型模式工作机制模型; (d) PCHT等效电路图; (e)—(g) 动态模式响应; (h)—(j) 静态模式响应. 引用图片已获相关授权
Fig. 2. PCHT mode-dependent optoelectronic performance[1]: (a) Model of the operation mechanism of the dynamic imaging mode with temporal-dependent storage; (b) model of the operating mechanism of the constant perception mode for static imaging; (c) model of the operation mechanism of the ambipolar mode; (d) equivalent functional circuit of the reconfigurable PCHT; (e)–(g) dynamic mode response; (h)–(j) static mode response. Reproduced with permission from Springer Nature.
图 3 三维视差重建演示[1] (a) 可重构PCHT阵列硬件架构示意图; (b) 可重构PCHT阵列算法示意图; (c) 三维形态重构; (d) 二维深度场重构; (e) 多角度耦合重构; (f) 眼球形态的感知与重构. 引用图片已获相关授权
Fig. 3. 3-dimensional (3D) parallax reconstruction demonstration[1]: (a) Schematic of the reconfigurable PCHT array hardware architecture; (b) algorithmic methodology of the 3D parallax reconstruction; (c) stereo morphology reconstruction of a complex object assembly. Scale bars, 10, 5 and 5 pixels in x, y, z, respectively; (d) 2D depth field mapping of two spatial configurations; (e) demonstration of multi-viewing coupling; (f) surface reconstruction of the bulbus oculi of a normal (top) and myopic eye (bottom). Reproduced with permission from Springer Nature.
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