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The performances of beryllium-doped graphdiyne (GDY), which is used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries at various doping sites, are investigated by first-principles methods based on density functional theory. Calculations of the formation energy and cohesive energy of GDY at different doping concentrations indicate that beryllium-doped GDY has excellent prospects for experimental synthesis. More importantly, the beryllium-doped GDY exhibits good electrical conductivity. The adsorption energy for a single lithium atom on beryllium-doped GDY is –4.22 eV, which is significantly higher than that for boron, nitrogen-doped GDY, and intrinsic GDY. As the number of stored lithium atoms increases, the adsorption energy remains greater than the cohesive energy of solid lithium, and the average open-circuit voltage stays between 0 and 1 V, ensuring the safety of the battery. Additionally, the lithium storage capacity is increased to 881 mAh/g, which is 1.14 times that of undoped GDY and 2.36 times that of graphite. Meanwhile, the diffusion performance of lithium on beryllium-doped GDY is also enhanced. For the CIII site doping system, by studying the ion transports at low, medium, and high lithium concentrations, we find that as the lithium concentration increases, the diffusion barriers are 0.38, 0.44, and 0.77 eV, respectively, making lithium ion movement more difficult, but still superior to those of other element-doped GDY. In summary, beryllium-doped GDY has great potential as an excellent anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
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Keywords:
- graphdiyne /
- lithium-ion batteries /
- density functional theory
[1] Erickson E M, Ghanty C, Aurbach D 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 3313
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[4] Liu X, Wang C Z, Yao Y X, Lu W C, Hupalo M, Tringides M C, Ho K M 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 235411
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[6] Liu X, Hupalo M, Wang C Z, Lu W C, Tringides M C 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 081414
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[7] Baughman R H, Eckhardt H, Kertesz M 1987 J. Chem. Phys. 87 6687
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[15] 曾雯2020 硕士学位论文 (重庆: 重庆大学)
Zeng W 2020 M. S. Thesis (Chongqing: Chongqing University
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[37] Jang B, Koo J, Park M, Lee H, Nam J, Kwon Y, Lee H 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 263904
Google Scholar
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图 1 (a) 石墨双炔几何结构, Be原子的3个不同掺杂位CI, CII及CIII; (b) 本征石墨双炔的能带结构及态密度
Figure 1. (a) Geometric structure of graphdiyne, with three different replacement sites for Be atoms: CI, CII, and CIII; (b) the band structure and density of states of the intrinsic graphdiyne.
图 2 掺杂位与邻近碳原子之间的键长 (a) CI位; (b) CII位; (c) CIII位; (d) 本征石墨双炔
Figure 2. Bond lengths between doping sites and adjacent carbon atoms: (a) CI site; (b) CII site; (c) CIII site; (d) intrinsic graphdiyne.
图 3 掺杂浓度分别为(a) 1.39%, (b) 2.78%, (c) 4.17%, (d) 5.56%的CI位掺杂体系弛豫后的几何结构; 掺杂浓度分别为(e) 1.39%, (f) 2.78%, (g) 4.17%, (h) 5.56%的CII位掺杂体系弛豫后的几何结构; 掺杂浓度分别为(i) 1.39%, (g) 2.78%, (k) 4.17%, (l) 5.56%的CIII位掺杂体系弛豫后的几何结构
Figure 3. Relaxed geometric structures of the CI site doping systems with doping concentrations of (a) 1.39%, (b) 2.78%, (c) 4.17%, (d) 5.56%; relaxed geometric structures of the CII site doping systems with doping concentrations of (e) 1.39%, (f) 2.78%, (g) 4.17%, (h) 5.56%; relaxed geometric structures of the CIII site doping systems with doping concentrations of (i) 1.39%, (g) 2.78%, (k) 4.17%, (l) 5.56%.
图 4 不同掺杂位点Be与相邻C原子的结构(上图)和PDOS图(下图) (a), (b) CI位; (c), (d) CII位; (e), (f) CIII位
Figure 4. Structure (upper panel) and PDOS diagram (lower panel) of different doping sites Be and adjacent C atoms: (a), (b) CI site; (c), (d) CII site; (e), (f) CIII site.
图 5 掺杂浓度为5.56%体系的分子动力学结果及在300 K弛豫5 ps后的结构 (a), (d) CI位; (b), (e) CII位; (c), (f) CIII位
Figure 5. Molecular dynamics results of a system with a 5.56% doping concentration and the structure after 5 ps of relaxation at 300 K: (a), (d) CI site; (b), (e) CII site; (c), (f) CIII site.
图 6 掺杂浓度分别为(a) 1.39%, (b) 2.78%, (c) 4.17%, (d) 5.56%的CI位替换掺杂的能带结构; 掺杂浓度分别为(e) 1.39%, (f) 2.78%, (g) 4.17%, (h) 5.56%的CII位替换掺杂的能带结构; 掺杂浓度分别为(i) 1.39%, (g) 2.78%, (k) 4.17%, (l) 5.56%的CIII位替换掺杂的能带结构
Figure 6. Band structure of CI site replacement doping with doping concentrations of (a) 1.39%, (b) 2.78%, (c) 4.17%, (d) 5.56%; the band structure of CII site replacement doping with doping concentrations of (e) 1.39%, (f) 2.78%, (g) 4.17%, (h) 5.56%; the band structure of CIII site replacement doping with doping concentrations of (i) 1.39%, (g) 2.78%, (k) 4.17%, (l) 5.56%.
图 7 Be掺杂石墨双炔的静电势图 (a) CI位; (b) CII位; (c) CIII位; (d)本征GDY(静电势的等值面0.0009 |e|/Å3)
Figure 7. Electrostatic potential maps of graphdiyne doped with Be at different sites: (a) CI site; (b) CII site; (c) CIII site; (d) intrinsic graphdiyne (the isosurface of the electrostatic potential is 0.0009 |e|/Å3).
图 8 单个Li在CI位掺杂的稳定吸附位的(a) 俯视图和(b) 侧视图; 在CII位掺杂的稳定吸附位的(c) 俯视图和(d) 侧视图; 在CIII位掺杂的稳定吸附位的(e) 俯视图和(f) 侧视图
Figure 8. (a) Top view and (b) side view of stable adsorption sites of a single Li atom at the CI site doped system; (c) top view and (d) side view at the CII site doped system; (e) top view and (f) side view at the CIII site doped system.
图 9 Li吸附在不同原子掺杂石墨双炔及本征石墨双炔吸附能比较 (a) 在CI位掺杂原子; (b) CII位掺杂原子; (c) CIII位掺杂原子
Figure 9. Comparison of adsorption energy of Li adsorption on different atoms doped graphdiyne and intrinsic graphdiyne: (a) Doping atoms at the CI site; (b) CII site doping atoms; (c) CIII site doping atoms.
图 10 差分电荷密度图的(a), (c), (e)俯视图和(b), (d), (f)侧视图 (a), (b) Li吸附在CI位掺杂体系; (c), (d) Li吸附在CII位掺杂体系; (e), (f) Li吸附在CIII位掺杂体系(等值面为0.011 |e|/Å3)
Figure 10. (a), (c), (e) Top view and (b), (d), (f) side view of the different charge density: (a), (b) the adsorption of Li atom on the CI doped system; (c), (d) the adsorption of Li atom on CII doped system; (e), (f) the adsorption of Li atom on CIII doped system (isosurface = 0.011 |e|/Å3).
图 11 Li在Be掺杂石墨双炔上的平均吸附能随储Li数量的变化
Figure 11. Average adsorption energy of Li on Be-doped graphdiyne with the number of stored Li.
图 12 最大吸附Li容量结构图 (a) CI位替换掺杂; (b) CII位替换掺杂; (c) CIII位替换掺杂
Figure 12. Maximum adsorption Li capacity structure: (a) CI site doping; (b) CII site doping; (c) CIII site doping.
图 13 Be掺杂石墨双炔的开路电压随储Li容量的变化
Figure 13. Change of open circuit voltage (OCV) of Be doped graphdiyne with storage Li capacity.
图 14 (a)—(c) Be掺杂石墨双炔最大Li容量的分子动力学结果以及(d)—(f)在300 K弛豫5 ps后的结构 (a), (d) CI位; (b), (e) CII位; (c), (f) CIII位
Figure 14. (a)–(c) Molecular dynamics results of the maximum Li capacities of Be doped graphdiyne and (d)–(f) the structure after 5 ps of relaxation at 300 K: (a), (d) CI site; (b), (e) CII site; (c), (f) CIII site.
图 15 Li在Be掺杂石墨双炔上的扩散路径(第1和第3行)和对应的能量曲线图(第2和第4行) (a)—(d) CI位替换掺杂; (e)—(h) CII位替换掺杂; (i)—(l) CIII位替换掺杂
Figure 15. Diffusion path (the first and the third rows) and corresponding energy curve (the second and the fourth rows) of Li on Be doped graphdiyne: (a)–(d) CI site doping; (e)–(h) CII site doping; (i)–(l) CIII site doping.
图 16 Li在本征石墨双炔上的扩散路径和对应的能量曲线图 (a) 扩散路径一; (b) 路径一对应的势垒; (c) 扩散路径二; (d) 路径二对应的势垒
Figure 16. Li diffusion path on intrinsic graphdiyne and the corresponding energy curve: (a) Diffusion path I; (b) path I corresponding barrier; (c) diffusion path II; (d) path II corresponding barrier.
图 17 Li吸附在不同原子掺杂石墨双炔及本征石墨双炔扩散势垒比较 (a) CI位掺杂; (b) CIII位掺杂
Figure 17. Comparison of Li adsorption on different atoms doped graphdiyne and intrinsic graphdiyne diffusion barriers: (a) CI site doping; (b) CIII site doping.
图 18 中锂高锂浓度的扩散路径和对应的能量曲线图 (a) 中锂扩散路径; (b) 中锂对应的势垒; (c) 高锂扩散路径; (d) 高锂对应的势垒
Figure 18. Diffusion path and corresponding energy profiles for the medium-high lithium concentration: (a) Medium lithium diffusion path; (b) the barrier corresponding to the medium lithium; (c) high lithium diffusion path; (d) the barrier corresponding to the high lithium level.
表 1 CI, CII, CIII位掺杂不同浓度的Be原子构型形成能(单位: eV)
Table 1. Formation energies of Be atoms at different concentrations of CI, CII, CIII sites doping (unit: eV).
掺杂位 替换1个Be(1.39%) 替换2个Be(2.78%) 替换3个Be(4.17%) 替换4个Be(5.56%) CI 1.28 0.79 0.79 0.63 CII 0.83 0.36 0.40 0.25 CIII 1.04 0.80 0.81 0.66 
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表 2 不同掺杂浓度下内聚能(单位: eV)
Table 2. Cohesive energy at different doping concentrations (unit: eV).
掺杂位 替换1个Be(1.39%) 替换2个Be(2.78%) 替换3个Be(4.17%) 替换4个Be(5.56%) CI –7.816 –7.729 –7.636 –7.552 CII –7.822 –7.741 –7.652 –7.572 CIII –7.819 –7.729 –7.635 –7.550
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[1] Erickson E M, Ghanty C, Aurbach D 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 3313
Google Scholar
[2] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A 2004 Science 306 666
Google Scholar
[3] Yoo E, Kim J, Hosono E, Zhou H S, Kudo T, Honma I 2008 Nano Lett. 8 2277
Google Scholar
[4] Liu X, Wang C Z, Yao Y X, Lu W C, Hupalo M, Tringides M C, Ho K M 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 235411
Google Scholar
[5] Li W, He Y H, Wang L, Ding G H, Zhang Z Q, Lortz R W, Sheng P, Wang N 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 045431.
Google Scholar
[6] Liu X, Hupalo M, Wang C Z, Lu W C, Tringides M C 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 081414
Google Scholar
[7] Baughman R H, Eckhardt H, Kertesz M 1987 J. Chem. Phys. 87 6687
Google Scholar
[8] Li G X, Li Y L, Liu H B, Guo Y B, Li Y J, Zhu D B 2010 Chem. Commun. 46 3256
Google Scholar
[9] Narita N, Nagai S, Suzuki S, Nakao K 1998 Phys. Rev. B 58 11009
Google Scholar
[10] Zhang H Y, Xia Y Y, Bu H X, Wang X P, Zhang M, Zhao L X, Luo T H, Zhao M W 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 044309
Google Scholar
[11] He J J, Wang N, Cui Z L, Du H P, Fu L, Huang C S, Yang Z, Shen X Y, Yi Y P, Tu Z Y, Li Y L 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 1172
Google Scholar
[12] Urbain F, Smirnov V, Becker J P, et al. 2016 Energ. Environ. Sci. 9 145
Google Scholar
[13] Wang N, He J J, Tu Z Y, Yang Z, Zhao F H, Li X D, Huang C D, Wang K, Jiu T G, Yi Y P, Li Y L 2017 Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 56 10740
Google Scholar
[14] Shen X Y, Li X D, Zhao F H, Wang N, Xie C P, He J J, Si W Y, Yi Y Y, Yang Z, Li X F, Lu F S, Huang C S 2019 2D Materials 6 035020
Google Scholar
[15] 曾雯2020 硕士学位论文 (重庆: 重庆大学)
Zeng W 2020 M. S. Thesis (Chongqing: Chongqing University
[16] Wang N, Li X D, Tu Z Y, Zhao F H, He J J, Guan Z Y, Huang C D, Yi Y P, Li Y L 2018 Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 57 3968
Google Scholar
[17] Yang Z, Liu R R, Wang N, He J J, Wang K, Li X D, Shen X Y, Wang X, Lv Q, Zhang M J, Luo J, Jiu T G, Hou Z F, Huang C S 2018 Carbon 137 442
Google Scholar
[18] Yang Z, Shen X Y, Wang N, He J J, Li X D, Wang X, Hou Z F, Wang K, Gao J, Jiu T G, Huang C S 2019 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 2608
Google Scholar
[19] Hussain A, Ullah S, Farhan M A 2016 RSC Adv. 6 55990
Google Scholar
[20] Ullah S, Hussain A, Syed W, Saqlain M A, Ahmad I, Leenaertse O, Karimf A 2015 RSC Adv. 5 55762
Google Scholar
[21] Kost F, Linsmeier Ch, Oberkofler M, Reinelt M, Balden M, Herrmann A, Lindig S 2009 J. Nucl. Mater. 390–391 975
Google Scholar
[22] Goldstraß P, Linsmeier C 2000 Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 161–163 411
Google Scholar
[23] Anghel A, Porosnicu C, Lungu C P, Sugiyama K, Krieger C, Roth J 2011 J. Nucl. Mater. 416 9
Google Scholar
[24] Ferro Y, Allouche A, Linsmeier C 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 213514
Google Scholar
[25] Campbell A, Cakmak E, Henry B, et al. 2023 Be 2C Synthesis, Properties, and Ion-beam Irradiation Damage Characterization ORNL/TM-2023/3011
[26] López-Urías F, Terrones M, Terrones H 2015 Carbon 84 317
Google Scholar
[27] Ullah S, Denis P A, Sato F 2017 Appl. Mater. Today 9 333
Google Scholar
[28] Becke A D 1988 Phys. Rev. A 38 3098
Google Scholar
[29] Delley B 1990 J. Chem. Phys. 92 508
Google Scholar
[30] Perdew J P, Burke K, Ernzerhof M 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3865
Google Scholar
[31] Long M Q, Tang L, Wang D, Li Y L, Shuai Z G 2011 ACS Nano 5 2593
Google Scholar
[32] Sun C, Searles D J 2012 J. Phys. Chem. C 116 26222
Google Scholar
[33] Hwang H J, Koo J, Park M, Park N, Kwon Y, Lee H 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 6919
Google Scholar
[34] Zheng F C, Yang Y, Chen Q W 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5261
Google Scholar
[35] Eftekhari A 2017 Energy Storage Mater. 7 157
Google Scholar
[36] 蔡梦圆, 唐春梅, 张秋月 2019 68 213601
Google Scholar
Cai M Y, Tang C M, Zhang Q Y 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 213601
Google Scholar
[37] Jang B, Koo J, Park M, Lee H, Nam J, Kwon Y, Lee H 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 263904
Google Scholar
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