Effects of thunderstorms electric field on secondary photons of cosmic ray at large high altitude air shower observatory

Axikegu; Zhou Xun-Xiu; Zhang Yun-Feng

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240341

Abstract

Large high altitude air shower observatory (LHAASO) is a complex of extensive air shower (EAS) detector arrays, located on the Mt. Haizi (29°21' N, 100°08' E) at an altitude of 4410 m a. s. l., Daocheng, Sichuan Province, China. The information about primary cosmic rays can be obtained by using data from secondary particles measured at LHAASO, with photons make up the majority among these secondary particles. During thunderstorms, the atmospheric electric field can affect secondary charged particles (mainly positrons and electrons), thus changing the information of photons on the ground. In this work, Monte Carlo simulations are performed to investigate the effects of near-ground thunderstorm electric fields on cosmic ray secondary photons at LHAASO. A simple model with a vertical and uniform atmospheric electric field in a layer of atmosphere is used in our simulations. During thunderstorms, the number and energy of photons are found to significantly change and strongly depend on the electric field strength. In a field of –1000 V/cm (below the threshold of the relativistic runaway electron avalanche (RREA) process), the number of photons is increased by 23%. Also, the spectrum of photons softens, and the increased number of photons with energy less than 2 MeV exceeds 29%. In an electric field of –1700 V/cm (above the threshold of the RREA process), the number of photons experiences exponential growth, with an increase of 279%. The spectrum of photons becomes softer than that at –1000 V/cm, and the increased number with energy less than 2 MeV is more than 361%. It is consistent with the theory of RREA. For these phenomena of photons at LHAASO, the main factor is that the number of positrons and electrons are increased due to the acceleration of negative electric field on electrons, with increase of 65% in –1000 V/cm and 992% in –1700 V/cm, and the spectrum of positrons and electrons soften. Newborn free positrons/electrons may undergo bremsstrahlung and deposit part of their energy into photons, causing the change of number and energy of photons to follow roughly the same pattern as positrons and electrons. The simulation results can provide the information for understanding the variations of the data detected by LHAASO during thunderstorms and the acceleration mechanisms of secondary charged particles caused by an atmospheric electric field.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China
2.
School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
3.
School of Physics and Engineering Technology, Chengdu Normal College, Chengdu 611130, China

Corresponding author: Axikegu, axkg@my.swjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12375102, U2031101) and the Solar Energy Integration Technology Popularization and Application Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China (Grant No. TYNSYS-2023-Y-04).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 不加电场时光子和电子的数目(a)和比值(b)随大气深度的变化

Figure 1. The number of photons and electrons/positrons (a) and their ratios (b) as a function of atmospheric depth in absence of a field.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 在–1700 V/cm的电场中, 电子和光子的数目随大气深度的变化(电场面积: 524—599 g/cm²)

Figure 2. The number of electrons/positrons and photons as a function of atmospheric depth in a field of –1700 V/cm (electric field area: 524–599 g/cm²).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 在–1700 V/cm的电场中, 电子和光子的数目变化百分比随大气深度的变化(电场面积: 524—599 g/cm²)

Figure 3. Percent change of electrons/positrons and photons as a function of atmospheric depth in a field of –1700 V/cm (electric field area: 524–599 g/cm²).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 在–1000 V/cm的电场中, 电子和光子的数目随大气深度的变化(电场面积: 524—599 g/cm²)

Figure 4. The number of electrons/positrons and photons as a function of atmospheric depth in a field of –1000 V/cm (electric field area: 524–599 g/cm²).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 在–1000 V/cm的电场中, 电子和光子数目的变化(a)及变化百分比(b)随大气深度的变化(电场面积: 524—599 g/cm²)

Figure 5. Change (a) and percent change (b) of electrons/positrons and photons number as a function of atmospheric depth in a field of –1000 V/cm (electric field area: 524–599 g/cm²).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 (a)不加电场时电子和光子数目随能量的变化; (b)归一化后的结果

Figure 6. The number (a) and normalized number (b) of electrons/positrons and photons as a function of energy in absence of a field.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 (a)不同电场中电子和光子数目随能量的分布; (b) –1700 V/cm的电场中, 能量低于m的新增电子和光子数目与新增总电子和总光子数目之比随能量的变化

Figure 7. (a) The number of electrons/positrons and photons as a function of energy in absence of a field and in a field of –1700 V/cm; (b) the ratios of increasing number with energy less than m to total number as a function of energy in a field of –1700 V/cm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 在–1700 V/cm的电场中, 电子和光子的数目变化百分比随能量的变化

Figure 8. Percent change of electrons/positrons and photons as a function of energy in a field of –1700 V/cm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 不同电场中电子和光子数目随能量的分布

Figure 9. The number of electrons/positrons and photons as a function of energy in absence of a field and in a field of –1000 V/cm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 在–1000 V/cm电场中, 电子和光子数目变化百分比随能量的变化

Figure 10. Percent change of electrons/positrons and photons as a function of energy in a field of –1000 V/cm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 在–1000 V/cm电场中, 电子和光子数目积分变化百分比随能量的变化

Figure 11. Integral percent change of electrons/positrons and photons as a function of energy in a field of –1000 V/cm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	Qie X S, Yuan S F, Chen Z X, et al. 2021 Sci. China Earth Sci. 64 10 Google Scholar
[2]	刘冬霞, 郄秀书, 王志超, 吴学珂, 潘伦湘 2013 62 219201 Google Scholar Liu D X, Qie X S, Wang Z C, Wu X K, Pan L X 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 219201 Google Scholar
[3]	周勋秀, 王新建, 黄代绘, 贾焕玉, 吴超勇 2015 64 149202 Google Scholar Zhou X X, Wang X J, Huang D H, Jia H Y, Wu C Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 149202 Google Scholar
[4]	Tsuchiya H, Enoto T, Torii T, et al. 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 255003 Google Scholar
[5]	Hariharan B, Chandra A, Dugad S R, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 105101 Google Scholar
[6]	Wilson C T R 1924 Proc. Phys. Soc. London 37 32D Google Scholar
[7]	Gurevich A V, Milikh G M 1992 Phys. Lett. A 165 463 Google Scholar
[8]	Dwyer J R 2003 Res. Lett. 30 2055 Google Scholar
[9]	Symbalisty E M D, Roussel-Dupre R A, Yukhimuk V A 1998 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 26 1575 Google Scholar
[10]	Alexeenko V V, Chernyaev A B, Chudakov A E, et a1. 1985 Proceeding of 19th International Cosmic Ray Conference. (La Jolla. USA: International Union of Pure and Applied Physics) pp352−355
[11]	Alexeenko V V, Khaerdinov N S, Lidvansky A S, Petkov V B 2002 Phys. Lett. A 301 299 Google Scholar
[12]	Bartoli B, Bernardini P, Bi X J, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. D 97 042001 Google Scholar
[13]	Xu B, Bie Y G, Zhou D 2012 Chin. J. Space Sci. 32 501 (in Chinses) [徐斌, 别业广, 邹丹 2012 空间科学学报 32 501]Google Scholar Xu B, Bie Y G, Zhou D 2012 Chin. J. Space Sci. 32 501 (in Chinses)Google Scholar
[14]	Chilingarian A, Mailyan B, Vanyan L 2012 Atmos. Res. 114-115 1 Google Scholar
[15]	Lindy N C, Benton E R, Beasley W H, et al. 2018 J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 179 435 Google Scholar
[16]	Yan R R, Huang D H, Zhao B, Axi K G, Zhou X X 2020 Chin. Astron. Astr. 44 146 Google Scholar
[17]	He H H, Zhang Y 2003 HEPNP 27 1106 (in Chinses) [何会海, 张勇 2003 高能物理与核物理 27 1106]Google Scholar He H H, Zhang Y 2003 HEPNP 27 1106 (in Chinses)Google Scholar
[18]	Axikegu, Bartoli B, Bernardini P, et al. 2022 Phys. Rev. D 106 022008 Google Scholar
[19]	Grieder P K F 2010 Extensive Air Showers (Berlin: Springer
[20]	Fishman G F, Bhat P N, Mallozzi R, et al. 1994 Science 264 1313 Google Scholar
[21]	Smith D M, Lopez L I, Lin R P, et al. 2005 Science 307 1085 Google Scholar
[22]	Briggs M S, Fishman G J, Connaughton V, et al. 2010 J. Geophys. Res. 115 A07323 Google Scholar
[23]	Tavani M, Marisaldi M, Labanti C, et al. 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 018501 Google Scholar
[24]	Neubert T, Østgaard N, Reglero V, et al. 2020 Science 367 183 Google Scholar
[25]	Yoshida S, Morimoto T, Ushio T, et al. 2008 Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 L10804 Google Scholar
[26]	Abbasi R U, Abu-Zayyad T, Allen M, et al. 2018 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 123 6864 Google Scholar
[27]	Wada Y, Enoto T, Nakazawa K, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 061103 Google Scholar
[28]	Köhn C, Diniz G, Harakeh M N 2017 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122 1365 Google Scholar
[29]	McCarthy M P, Parks G K 1985 Geophys. Res. Lett. 12 393 Google Scholar
[30]	Eack K B, Beasley W H, David R W, et al. 1996 J. Geophys. Res. 101 29637 Google Scholar
[31]	Chilingarian A, Daryan A, Arakelyan A K, et al. 2021 Phys. Rev. D 82 043009 Google Scholar
[32]	Torii T, Sugita T, Tanabe S, et al. 2009 Geophys. Res. Lett. 36 L13804 Google Scholar
[33]	Torii T, Takeishi M, Hosono T 2002 J. Geophys. Res. 107 4324 Google Scholar
[34]	Tsuchiya H, Enoto T, Yamada S, et al. 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 165002 Google Scholar
[35]	Aharonian F, An Q, Axikegu, et al. 2023 Chin. Phys. C 47 015001 Google Scholar
[36]	Cao Z, Aharonian F, An Q, et al. 2021 Science 373 425 Google Scholar
[37]	Ma X H, Bi Y J, Chao Z, et al. 2022 Chin. Phys. C 46 030001 Google Scholar
[38]	陈松战, 赵静, 刘烨, 等 2017 核电子学与探测技术 37 1101 Google Scholar Chen S Z, Zhan J, Liu Y, et al. 2017 Nucl. Electron. Detect. Technol. 37 1101 Google Scholar
[39]	Aharonian F, An Q, Axikegu, et al. 2021 Chin. Phys. C 45 085002 Google Scholar
[40]	Heck D, Knapp J, Capdevielle J N, et al. 1998 CORSIKA: A Monte Carlo Code to Simulate Extensive Air Showers Wissenschaftliche Berichte, FZKA-6019
[41]	周勋秀, 王新建, 黄代绘, 贾焕玉 2016 空间科学学报 36 49 Google Scholar Zhou X X, Wang X J, Huang D H, Jia H Y 2016 Chin. J. Space Sci. 36 49 Google Scholar
[42]	NOAA national centers for environmental information, Magnetic Field Calculators: IGRF model 562 (1590-2024) https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/geomag/calculators/magcalc.shtml#igrfwmm
[43]	Marshall T C, Stolzenburg M, Maggio C R, et al. 2005 Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 L03813 Google Scholar
[44]	Chilingarian A, Hovsepyan G, Soghomonyan S, Zazyan M, Zelenyy M 2018 Phys. Rev. D 98 082001 Google Scholar
[45]	Axi K G, Zhou X X, Huang Z C, et al. 2022 Astrophys. Space Sci. 367 30 Google Scholar
[46]	Chum J, Langer R, Baše J, et al. 2020 Earth Planets Space 72 28 Google Scholar
[47]	Michimoto K J 1993 Atmos. Electr. 13 33 Google Scholar
[48]	Dorman L I, Dorman I V, Iucci N, et al. 2003 J. Geophys. Res. 108 1181 Google Scholar
[49]	Bethe H A 1930 Annalen Phys. 5 325 Google Scholar
[50]	Buitink S, Huege T, Falcke H, Heck D, Kuijpers J 2010 Astropart. Phys. 33 1 Google Scholar

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