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Isometric tensor offers a novel and powerful tool that can compress an entangled state into its tensor network state (TNS). The resulting quantum compression provides a new opportunity for enhancing quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. The main idea explored in this work is to use the quantum compression to improve the efficiency of QKD. In a nut-shell, a collection of any multi-photon entangled states that carry encoded classical bits is compressed into a single-photon state before the corresponding photon is sent to the receiver that measures the qubit and decompresses it. In this paper, we first show how to obtain the generalized isometric tensors for compressing any entangled states and their inverse isometric tensors for decompression. In our proposed QKD protocol, the input state consists of any multi-photon entangled states, which are first compressed into a single-photon state
$ \left| 0 \right\rangle $ or$ \left| 1 \right\rangle $ or Bell states by the sender Alice. A sequence of single-photon states$ \left| 0 \right\rangle $ and$ \left| 1 \right\rangle $ and one photon from the Bell state mixed with decoy qubits is sent to the receiver Bob via a quantum channel. Bob obtains the final sifted compressed states$ \left| 0 \right\rangle $ and$ \left| 1 \right\rangle $ and conjugate transpose of the isometric tensors. Using our protocols, Bob can decompress the received states$ \left| 0 \right\rangle $ and$ \left| 1 \right\rangle $ into original entangled states. Since quantum processors that are used to send quantum information between nodes are relatively primitive and low in power and the preparation of many-photon entanglement is relatively difficult at present, finding suitable protocols for the compression of transmitted quantum data brings important practical benefits. More generally, the quantum information theory primarily investigates quantum data manipulation under locality constraints, so our protocols connect naturally to these investigations. Our protocols increase the encoding capacity of QKD protocols. Not only our proposed processes of compression and decompression are very simple, but also entanglement compression using isometric tensors can be implemented by using quantum circuits and current technology. Because many ideas for designing of quantum information processing equipment envision that a network composed of relatively small quantum processors sending quantum information between nodes, it is greatly significant to find appropriate protocols for compressing the transmitted quantum data .-
Keywords:
- entanglement compression /
- generalized isometric tensors /
- tensor network states /
- decompression
[1] Bennett C H, Brassard G 1984 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems, and Signal Processing Bangalore, India, December 10–12, 1984 pp175–179
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Google Scholar
[3] Ekert A K 1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 661
Google Scholar
[4] Bennett C H, Brassard G, Mermin N D 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 557
Google Scholar
[5] Greenberger D M, Horne M A, Zeilinger A 1989 Bell’s Theorem, Quantum Theory and Conceptions of the Universe (Dordrecht: Springer) pp69–72
[6] Bouwmeester D, Pan J W, Daniell M, Weinfurter H, Zeilinger A 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 1345
Google Scholar
[7] Guo Y, Shi R, Zeng G 2010 Phys. Scr. 81 045006
Google Scholar
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[9] Castañeda Valle D, Quezada L F, Dong S H 2021 Ann. Phys. Berlin 533 2100116
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[10] Zhao N, Guo X, Wu T 2021 Phys. Rev. A 104 062616
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[11] Upadhyaya T, van Himbeeck T, Lin J, et al. 2021 PRX Quantum. 2 020325
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[12] Jiang C, Yu Z W, Hu X L, Wang X B 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 012402
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[13] Lim C C W, Xu F, Pan J W, Ekert A 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 100501
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[15] Chang C H, Yang C W, Hwang T 2016 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 55 3993
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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[35] Pepper A, Tischler N, Pryde G J 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 060501
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Google Scholar
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图 1 利用wN1, wN2, N光子GHZ 纠缠态
$ ({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {00 \cdots 0} \right\rangle + \left| {11 \cdots 1} \right\rangle } \right) $ 被随机压缩为数态$| 0 \rangle $ 或$| 1\rangle $ , 利用${\boldsymbol{w}}_{N1}^{\dagger},{\boldsymbol{w}}_{N2}^{\dagger}$ ,$| 0 \rangle $ 或$| 1 \rangle $ 被解压缩为N光子GHZ 纠缠态$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {00 \cdots 0} \right\rangle + \left| {11 \cdots 1} \right\rangle } \right)$ 示意图Figure 1. The schematic compression of
$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {00 \cdots 0} \right\rangle + \left| {11 \cdots 1} \right\rangle } \right)$ into$\left| 0 \right\rangle $ or$\left| 1 \right\rangle $ using${{\boldsymbol{w}}_{N1}}, {{\boldsymbol{w}}_{N2}}$ , and decompression of$\left| 0 \right\rangle $ or$\left| 1 \right\rangle $ into$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {00 \cdots 0} \right\rangle + \left| {11 \cdots 1} \right\rangle } \right)$ using${\boldsymbol{w}}_{N1}^\dagger ,{\boldsymbol{w}}_{N2}^\dagger$ .
图 2 利用
${\boldsymbol{w}}'_{N1}, {\boldsymbol{w}}'_{N2}$ , N 光子 GHZ 纠缠态$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {00 \cdots 0} \right\rangle + \left| {11 \cdots 1} \right\rangle } \right)$ 被随机压缩为Bell态$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {00} \right\rangle + \left| {11} \right\rangle } \right)$ 或$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2}) ( | 01 \rangle + $ $ |10\rangle)$ , 利用${\boldsymbol{w}}^{\prime\dagger}_{N1}, {\boldsymbol{w}}^{\prime\dagger}_{N2}$ , Bell态$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {00} \right\rangle + \left| {11} \right\rangle } \right)$ 或$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {01} \right\rangle + \left| {10} \right\rangle } \right)$ 被解压缩为N 光子 GHZ 纠缠态$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2}) (| 00 \cdots 0\rangle + $ $ | 11 \cdots 1\rangle)$ 示意图Figure 2. The schematic compression of
$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {00 \cdots 0} \right\rangle + \left| {11 \cdots 1} \right\rangle } \right)$ into$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {00} \right\rangle + \left| {11} \right\rangle } \right)$ or$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {01} \right\rangle + \left| {10} \right\rangle } \right)$ using${{\boldsymbol{w}}'_{N1}}, $ $ {{\boldsymbol{w}}'_{N2}}$ , and decompression of$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {00} \right\rangle + \left| {11} \right\rangle } \right)$ or$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {01} \right\rangle + \left| {10} \right\rangle } \right)$ into$({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {00 \cdots 0} \right\rangle + \left| {11 \cdots 1} \right\rangle } \right)$ using${\boldsymbol{w}}_{N1}^{\prime\dagger} , {\boldsymbol{w}}_{N2}^{\prime\dagger }$ .表 1 压缩纠缠态用于在 Alice 和 Bob 之间生成密钥的例子
Table 1. An example of transmitting the compressed entangled state for generating a secret key between Alice and Bob.
Alice随机制备纠缠态 $ ({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {000} \right\rangle + \left| {111} \right\rangle } \right) $ $ ({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {0000} \right\rangle + \left| {1111} \right\rangle } \right) $ $ N(N \geqslant 5) $光子GHZ态 Alice随机选择等距张量 $ {{\boldsymbol{w}}_{31}} $ $ {{\boldsymbol{w}}_{{4}1}} $ $ {{\boldsymbol{w}}_{N2}} $ Alice压缩纠缠态 $ \left| 0 \right\rangle $ $ \left| 0 \right\rangle $ $ \left| 0 \right\rangle $ Alice随机选择测量基 $ {B_x} $ $ {B_{\text{z}}} $ ${B_z}$ Bob随机选择测量基 ${B_z}$ $ {B_{\text{z}}} $ $ {B_x} $ 对基 否 是 否 筛选出的共享压缩态 — $ \left| 0 \right\rangle $ — 解压缩共享压缩态 — $ ({{\sqrt 2 }}/{2})\left( {\left| {0000} \right\rangle + \left| {1111} \right\rangle } \right) $ — 
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[1] Bennett C H, Brassard G 1984 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems, and Signal Processing Bangalore, India, December 10–12, 1984 pp175–179
[2] Wang B, Zhang B F, Zou F C, et al. 2021 Optik 235 166628
Google Scholar
[3] Ekert A K 1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 661
Google Scholar
[4] Bennett C H, Brassard G, Mermin N D 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 557
Google Scholar
[5] Greenberger D M, Horne M A, Zeilinger A 1989 Bell’s Theorem, Quantum Theory and Conceptions of the Universe (Dordrecht: Springer) pp69–72
[6] Bouwmeester D, Pan J W, Daniell M, Weinfurter H, Zeilinger A 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 1345
Google Scholar
[7] Guo Y, Shi R, Zeng G 2010 Phys. Scr. 81 045006
Google Scholar
[8] Xu G B, Wen Q Y, Gao F, Qin S J 2014 Quantum Inf. Process. 13 2587
Google Scholar
[9] Castañeda Valle D, Quezada L F, Dong S H 2021 Ann. Phys. Berlin 533 2100116
Google Scholar
[10] Zhao N, Guo X, Wu T 2021 Phys. Rev. A 104 062616
Google Scholar
[11] Upadhyaya T, van Himbeeck T, Lin J, et al. 2021 PRX Quantum. 2 020325
Google Scholar
[12] Jiang C, Yu Z W, Hu X L, Wang X B 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 012402
Google Scholar
[13] Lim C C W, Xu F, Pan J W, Ekert A 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 100501
Google Scholar
[14] Long G L and Liu X S 2002 Phys. Rev. A 65 032302
Google Scholar
[15] Chang C H, Yang C W, Hwang T 2016 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 55 3993
Google Scholar
[16] Pivoluska M, Huber M, Malik M 2018 Phys. Rev. A 97 032312
Google Scholar
[17] Zhu K N, Zhou N R, Wang Y Q, et al. 2018 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 57 3621
Google Scholar
[18] Zhou H, Lv K, Huang L, et al. 2022 IEEE/ACM T. Network. 30 1328
Google Scholar
[19] Wang X L, Chen L K, Li W, Huang H L, Liu C, Chen C, Luo Y H, Su Z E, Wu D, Li Z D, Lu H, Hu Y, Jiang X, Peng C Z, Li L, Liu N L, Chen Y A, Lu C Y, Pan J W 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 210502
Google Scholar
[20] Xia Y, Lu P M, Zeng Y Z 2012 Quantum Inf. Process. 11 605
Google Scholar
[21] Huang Y F, Liu B H, Peng L, et al. 2011 Nat. Commun. 2 1
[22] Xia Y, Song J, Ning Y, et al. 2010 JETP Lett. 90 735
Google Scholar
[23] Svozil K 2022 Found. Phys. 52 4
Google Scholar
[24] Yin H L, Fu Y, Li C L, et al. 2023 Nati. Sci. Rev. 10 228
Google Scholar
[25] Xie Y M, Lu Y S, Weng C X, et al. 2022 PRX Quantum. 3 020315
Google Scholar
[26] Gu J, Cao X Y, Fu Y, et al. 2022 Sci. Bull. 67 2167
Google Scholar
[27] Fan C R, Lu B, Feng X T, et al. 2021 Quant. Engineer. 3 e67
[28] Bostroem K, Felbinger T 2002 Phys. Rev. A 65 032313
Google Scholar
[29] Datta N, Renes J M, Renner R, et al. 2013 IEEE Inform. Theory 59 8057
Google Scholar
[30] Plesch M, Bužek V 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 032317
Google Scholar
[31] Rozema L A, Mahler D H, Hayat A, Turner P S, Steinberg A M 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 160504
Google Scholar
[32] Yang Y, Chiribella G, Ebler D 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 080501
Google Scholar
[33] Yang Y, Chiribella G, Hayashi M 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 090502
Google Scholar
[34] Romero J, Olson J P, Aspuru-Guzik A 2017 Quantum Sci. Technol. 2 045001
Google Scholar
[35] Pepper A, Tischler N, Pryde G J 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 060501
Google Scholar
[36] Van Acoleyen K, Hallam A, Bal M, Hauru M, Haegeman J, Verstraete F 2020 Phys. Rev. B 102 165131
Google Scholar
[37] Lai H, Pieprzyk J, Pan L 2023 Sci. China Inf. Sc. 66 180510
Google Scholar
[38] Evenbly G 2022 Front. Phys. 10 1146
[39] Bennett C H, DiVincenzo D P, Smolin J A, Wootters W K 1996 Phys. Rev. A 54 3824
Google Scholar
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