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Germanium (Ge) is considered as a promising material for silicon (Si) based light source. Based on tensile strain and n-type heavy doping approaches, the light emitting efficiency of Ge can be improved. Nevertheless, due to the difficulty in introducing large tensile strain into Ge, the photoluminescence or electroluminescence of Ge is demonstrated under degenerated states currently. Traditional spontaneous emission (SE) theory deduced from Boltzmann approximation is inapplicable for this case. To accurately analyze the SE properties of Ge, the influences of strain, temperature and doping on quasi-Fermi level and subsequent SE spectrum of degenerated Ge are theoretically investigated based on Fermi-Dirac distribution model. Owing to large density of states (DOS) in heavy hole (hh) the valance band (VB) and L valley, it is found that compressive strain has a negligible effect on the quasi-Fermi level under carrier concentration of 1019-1020 cm-3, while tensile strain is of benefit to the improvement of carrier occupation levels, leading to dramatic increases of both peak and integrated intensities of SE spectra. Although the peak intensity of SE from -hh transition is larger than that from -1h transition regardless of strain levels in Ge, the integrated intensities of SE from -hh and -1h transitions are almost equal. With the increase of sample temperature, the carriers acquire lager kinetic energy, resulting in more dispersive distribution of electrons (holes) in valley (VB). However, more electrons (holes) are induced into conduction (valence) band at the same time. And according to Varshini's law the energy difference between and L valleys is reduced at higher temperature. Thus, both the peak and integrated intensities of the SE spectra become larger at higher temperature. It is impressive that n-type doping can greatly enhance the SE intensity compared with p-type doping irrespective of strain levels in Ge, demonstrating the significance of n-type doping in the enhancement of Ge SE. Furthermore, it is found that m factors, which can be extracted from linear fitting of log L-log n curves, diminish at heavier doping concentration. Under tensile strain condition, the variation of m factors for Ge SE with the sample temperature becomes less sensitive, implying that the tensile strain can effectively enhance the temperature stability of Ge SE. These results provide a significant guidance for analyzing the SE properties of degenerated Ge and other degenerated semiconductors.
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Keywords:
- degenerated Ge /
- spontaneous emission /
- strain /
- doping
[1] Sun X C, Liu J F, Kimerling L C, Michel J 2010 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 16 124
[2] Ghrib A, Kersauson M D, Kurdi M E, Jakomin R, Beaudoin G, Sauvage S, Fishman G, Ndong G, Chaigneau M, Ossikovski R, Sagnes I, Boucaud P 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 201104
[3] Cai Y, Han Z H, Wang X X, Rodolfo E, Aguilera C, Kimerling L C, Michel J, Liu J F 2013 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 19 1901009
[4] Lin G Y, Wang C, Li C, Chen C W, Huang Z W, Huang W, Chen S Y, Lai H K, Jin C Y, Sun J M 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 191107
[5] Michael O, Martin G, Daniel W, Marc S, Mathias K, Erich K, Jrg S 2013 Opt. Express 21 2206
[6] Lin G Y, Yi X H, Li C, Chen N L, Zhang L, Chen S Y, Huang W, Wang J Y, Xiong X H, Sun J M 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 141104
[7] Bernhard S, Andr K, Martin K, Michael O, Erich K, Jrg S 2014 Phys. Status Solidi C 11 1686
[8] Liu Z, Hu W X, Li C, Li Y M, Xue C L, Li C B, Zuo Y H, Cheng B W, Wang Q M 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 231108
[9] Lin G Y, Chen N L, Zhang L, Huang Z W, Huang W, Wang J Y, Xu J F, Chen S Y, Li C 2016 Materials 9 803
[10] Rodolfo E, Camacho A, Cai Y, Neil P, Bessette J T, Marco R, Kimerling L C, Jurgen M 2012 Opt. Express 20 11316
[11] Schubert E F, Gessmann T, Kim J K 2005 Light Emitting Diodes Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
[12] Huang S H, Li C, Chen C Z, Zheng Y Y, Lai H K, Chen S Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 036202 (in Chinese) [黄诗浩, 李成, 陈城钊, 郑元宇, 赖虹凯, 陈松岩 2012 61 036202]
[13] van de Walle C G 1989 Phys. Rev. B 39 1871
[14] Varshni Y P 1967 Physica 34 149
[15] Liu J F, Cannon D D, Kazumi W, Yasuhiko I, David T D, Samerkhae J, Michel J, Lionel C K 2004 Phys. Rev. B 70 155309
[16] Wortman J J, Evans R A 1965 J. Appl. Phys. 36 153
[17] Cheng S L, Lu J, Shambat G, Yu H Y, Saraswat K, Vuckovic J, Nishi Y 2009 Opt. Express 17 10019
[18] Capellini G, Reich C, Guha S, Yamamoto Y, Lisker M, Virgilio M, Ghrib A, Kurdi M E, Boucaud P, Tillack B, Schroeder T 2014 Opt. Express 22 399
[19] Rodolfo C A, Han Z H, Cai Y, Lionel C K, Jurgen M 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 152106
[20] Hu W X, Cheng B W, Xue C L, Xue H Y, Su S J, Bai A Q, Luo L P, Yu Y D, Wang Q M 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 092102
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[1] Sun X C, Liu J F, Kimerling L C, Michel J 2010 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 16 124
[2] Ghrib A, Kersauson M D, Kurdi M E, Jakomin R, Beaudoin G, Sauvage S, Fishman G, Ndong G, Chaigneau M, Ossikovski R, Sagnes I, Boucaud P 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 201104
[3] Cai Y, Han Z H, Wang X X, Rodolfo E, Aguilera C, Kimerling L C, Michel J, Liu J F 2013 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 19 1901009
[4] Lin G Y, Wang C, Li C, Chen C W, Huang Z W, Huang W, Chen S Y, Lai H K, Jin C Y, Sun J M 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 191107
[5] Michael O, Martin G, Daniel W, Marc S, Mathias K, Erich K, Jrg S 2013 Opt. Express 21 2206
[6] Lin G Y, Yi X H, Li C, Chen N L, Zhang L, Chen S Y, Huang W, Wang J Y, Xiong X H, Sun J M 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 141104
[7] Bernhard S, Andr K, Martin K, Michael O, Erich K, Jrg S 2014 Phys. Status Solidi C 11 1686
[8] Liu Z, Hu W X, Li C, Li Y M, Xue C L, Li C B, Zuo Y H, Cheng B W, Wang Q M 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 231108
[9] Lin G Y, Chen N L, Zhang L, Huang Z W, Huang W, Wang J Y, Xu J F, Chen S Y, Li C 2016 Materials 9 803
[10] Rodolfo E, Camacho A, Cai Y, Neil P, Bessette J T, Marco R, Kimerling L C, Jurgen M 2012 Opt. Express 20 11316
[11] Schubert E F, Gessmann T, Kim J K 2005 Light Emitting Diodes Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
[12] Huang S H, Li C, Chen C Z, Zheng Y Y, Lai H K, Chen S Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 036202 (in Chinese) [黄诗浩, 李成, 陈城钊, 郑元宇, 赖虹凯, 陈松岩 2012 61 036202]
[13] van de Walle C G 1989 Phys. Rev. B 39 1871
[14] Varshni Y P 1967 Physica 34 149
[15] Liu J F, Cannon D D, Kazumi W, Yasuhiko I, David T D, Samerkhae J, Michel J, Lionel C K 2004 Phys. Rev. B 70 155309
[16] Wortman J J, Evans R A 1965 J. Appl. Phys. 36 153
[17] Cheng S L, Lu J, Shambat G, Yu H Y, Saraswat K, Vuckovic J, Nishi Y 2009 Opt. Express 17 10019
[18] Capellini G, Reich C, Guha S, Yamamoto Y, Lisker M, Virgilio M, Ghrib A, Kurdi M E, Boucaud P, Tillack B, Schroeder T 2014 Opt. Express 22 399
[19] Rodolfo C A, Han Z H, Cai Y, Lionel C K, Jurgen M 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 152106
[20] Hu W X, Cheng B W, Xue C L, Xue H Y, Su S J, Bai A Q, Luo L P, Yu Y D, Wang Q M 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 092102
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