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In this work, we design the nano-sized TiO2 particles/submicron spheres multilayer structured photoanode, based on the fact of stronger light scattering properties of TiO2 submicron spheres. Effect of TiO2 submicron-spheres on the charge transport and interfacial properties in multilayer thin-film electrodes are investigated in detail using intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE). Results obtained from IMPS for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) indicate that submicron-spheres have fewer defects, but the poor contact at the interfaces between submicron spheres hinders the electron transport and makes the transit time longer. EIS results show that there are no obvious differences in interface recombination between the designed electrodes. It is interesting to find that the bottom section of the photoanode composed of nano-sized TiO2 thin film has a higher light utilization efficiency than that composed of submicron-spheres; meanwhile, the Fermi level of TiO2 and the photovoltaic properties of DSCs have been extended. Our results may provide an experiment basis for structure design of high-efficiency DSC photoanode.
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Keywords:
- submicron spheres /
- light scattering /
- dye sensitized /
- solar cells
[1] Mathew S, Yella A, Gao P, Humphry-Baker R, Curchod B F E, Ashari-Astani N, Tavernelli I, Rothlisberger U, Nazeeruddin M K, Grätzel M 2014 Nat. Chem. 6 242
[2] Kou D X, Liu W Q, Hu L H, Huang Y, Dai S Y, Jiang N Q 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 5857 (in Chinese) [寇东星, 刘伟庆, 胡林华, 黄阳, 戴松元, 姜年权 2010 59 5857]
[3] Li J, Kong F T, Zhang C N, Liu W Q, Dai S Y 2010 Acta Chim. Sin. 68 1357
[4] Huang X W, Deng J Y, Xu L, Shen P, Zhao B, Tan S T 2012 Acta Chim. Sin. 70 1604
[5] Dai S Y, Wang K J 2003 Chin.Phys.Lett. 20 953
[6] Hu L H, Dai S Y, Wang K J 2005 Chin.Phys.Lett. 22 493
[7] Xu S Y, Hu L H, Li W X, Dai S Y 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 116802 (in Chinese) [许双英, 胡林华, 李文欣, 戴松元 2011 60 116802]
[8] Liu W Q, Kou D X, Hu L H, Dai S Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 168201 (in Chinese) [刘伟庆, 寇东星, 胡林华, 戴松元 2012 61 168201]
[9] Xiong B T, Zhou B X, Bai J, Zheng Q, Liu Y B, Cai W M, Cai J 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 3713
[10] Lin Y, Xiao X R, Zhang D S, Xie P H, Zhang B W 2002 Chin. Sci. Bull. 47 1145 (in Chinese) [林原, 肖绪瑞, 张东社, 谢普会, 张宝文 2002 科学通报 47 1145]
[11] Wang Z S, Kawauchi H, Kashima T, Arakawa H 2004 Coordin. Chem. Rev. 248 1381
[12] Wang P, Dai Q, Zakeeruddin S M, Forsyth M, MacFarlane D R, Grätzel M 2004 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 13590
[13] Barbé C J, Arendse F, Comte P, Jirousek M, Lenzmann F, Shklover V, Grätzel M 1997 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 80 3157
[14] Huang F, Chen D, Zhang X L, Caruso R A, Cheng Y B 2010 Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 1301
[15] Yang L, Lin Y, Jia J G, Xiao X R, Li X P, Zhou X W 2008 J. Power Sources 182 370
[16] Wang M, Chen P, Humphry-Baker R, Zakeeruddin S M, Grätzel M 2009 ChemPhysChem 10 290
[17] Wang Q, Zhang Z, Zakeeruddin S M, Grätzel M 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 7084
[18] Li Y, Liu J, Jia Z 2006 Mater. Lett. 60 1753
[19] Sheng J, Hu L H, Li W X, Mo L E, Tian H J, Dai S Y 2011 Sol. Energy 85 2697
[20] Lawandy N W, Balachandran R M, Gomes A S L, Sauvain E 1994 Nature 368 436
[21] Ferber J, Luther J 1998 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 54 265
[22] Bisquert J, Vikhrenko V S 2004 J. Phys. Chem. B 108 2313
[23] Lagemaat J, Frank A J 2001 J. Phys. Chem. B 105 11194
[24] Nelson J 1999 Phys. Rev. B 59 15374
[25] Peter L M, Wijayantha K G U 2000 Electrochimi. Acta 45 4543
[26] Nazeeruddin M K, Kay A, Rodicio I, Humpbry-Baker R, Mller E, Liska P, Vlachopoulos N, Grätzel M 1993 J.Am.Chem.Soc. 115 6382
[27] Liu W Q, Kou D X, Cai M L, Hu L H, Dai S Y 2012 Prog. Chem. 24 722 (in Chinese) [刘伟庆, 寇东星, 蔡墨朗, 胡林华, 戴松元 2012 化学进展 24 722]
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[1] Mathew S, Yella A, Gao P, Humphry-Baker R, Curchod B F E, Ashari-Astani N, Tavernelli I, Rothlisberger U, Nazeeruddin M K, Grätzel M 2014 Nat. Chem. 6 242
[2] Kou D X, Liu W Q, Hu L H, Huang Y, Dai S Y, Jiang N Q 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 5857 (in Chinese) [寇东星, 刘伟庆, 胡林华, 黄阳, 戴松元, 姜年权 2010 59 5857]
[3] Li J, Kong F T, Zhang C N, Liu W Q, Dai S Y 2010 Acta Chim. Sin. 68 1357
[4] Huang X W, Deng J Y, Xu L, Shen P, Zhao B, Tan S T 2012 Acta Chim. Sin. 70 1604
[5] Dai S Y, Wang K J 2003 Chin.Phys.Lett. 20 953
[6] Hu L H, Dai S Y, Wang K J 2005 Chin.Phys.Lett. 22 493
[7] Xu S Y, Hu L H, Li W X, Dai S Y 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 116802 (in Chinese) [许双英, 胡林华, 李文欣, 戴松元 2011 60 116802]
[8] Liu W Q, Kou D X, Hu L H, Dai S Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 168201 (in Chinese) [刘伟庆, 寇东星, 胡林华, 戴松元 2012 61 168201]
[9] Xiong B T, Zhou B X, Bai J, Zheng Q, Liu Y B, Cai W M, Cai J 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 3713
[10] Lin Y, Xiao X R, Zhang D S, Xie P H, Zhang B W 2002 Chin. Sci. Bull. 47 1145 (in Chinese) [林原, 肖绪瑞, 张东社, 谢普会, 张宝文 2002 科学通报 47 1145]
[11] Wang Z S, Kawauchi H, Kashima T, Arakawa H 2004 Coordin. Chem. Rev. 248 1381
[12] Wang P, Dai Q, Zakeeruddin S M, Forsyth M, MacFarlane D R, Grätzel M 2004 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 13590
[13] Barbé C J, Arendse F, Comte P, Jirousek M, Lenzmann F, Shklover V, Grätzel M 1997 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 80 3157
[14] Huang F, Chen D, Zhang X L, Caruso R A, Cheng Y B 2010 Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 1301
[15] Yang L, Lin Y, Jia J G, Xiao X R, Li X P, Zhou X W 2008 J. Power Sources 182 370
[16] Wang M, Chen P, Humphry-Baker R, Zakeeruddin S M, Grätzel M 2009 ChemPhysChem 10 290
[17] Wang Q, Zhang Z, Zakeeruddin S M, Grätzel M 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 7084
[18] Li Y, Liu J, Jia Z 2006 Mater. Lett. 60 1753
[19] Sheng J, Hu L H, Li W X, Mo L E, Tian H J, Dai S Y 2011 Sol. Energy 85 2697
[20] Lawandy N W, Balachandran R M, Gomes A S L, Sauvain E 1994 Nature 368 436
[21] Ferber J, Luther J 1998 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 54 265
[22] Bisquert J, Vikhrenko V S 2004 J. Phys. Chem. B 108 2313
[23] Lagemaat J, Frank A J 2001 J. Phys. Chem. B 105 11194
[24] Nelson J 1999 Phys. Rev. B 59 15374
[25] Peter L M, Wijayantha K G U 2000 Electrochimi. Acta 45 4543
[26] Nazeeruddin M K, Kay A, Rodicio I, Humpbry-Baker R, Mller E, Liska P, Vlachopoulos N, Grätzel M 1993 J.Am.Chem.Soc. 115 6382
[27] Liu W Q, Kou D X, Cai M L, Hu L H, Dai S Y 2012 Prog. Chem. 24 722 (in Chinese) [刘伟庆, 寇东星, 蔡墨朗, 胡林华, 戴松元 2012 化学进展 24 722]
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