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The formation mechanism and evolution characteristics of a submerged round jet in a uniform fluid of finite depth are investigated experimentally. A spillover system is designed to produce a continuous horizontal jet in the background fluid with a constant velocity, and the flow is visualized by the dyed liquid. Experiments are conducted under different combinations of Reynolds number Re, confinement number C and nondimensional draft d/H, where d is the vertical distance from the jet to the free surface, and H is the depth of the ambient fluid. Four flow patterns are identified for various C. When C1, the jet shows a deep-water pattern, while for 1 C2, it shows the transitional pattern, the jets do not develop a structured flow for the two jet patterns. When 2 C10, the jet shows the shallow-water pattern, while if C10, the jet shows the extreme-shallow-water pattern. In both these two patterns, the jets generate vortex dipole structures. In the extreme-shallow water pattern, the nondimensional vortex formation time tf* for the vortex dipole structure is proportional to the nondimensional injection time Tinj* for various draft d/H. In the shallow-water pattern, tf* depends linearly on Tinj*Re1/2 when the draft d/H=0.5; however, there is no observable relationships between tf* and Tinj* for other draft d/H.
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Keywords:
- submerged round jet /
- confinement number /
- vortex dipole /
- formation time
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[1] Fedorov K N, Ginsburg A I 1986 Ann. Geophisicae 4 507
[2] Fedorov K N, Ginsburg A I 1989 Mesoscale/Synoptic Coherent structures in Geophysical Turbulence 50 1
[3] Van Heijst G J F, Clercx H J H 2009 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 41 143
[4] Ginzburg A I 1992 Oceanology 32 689
[5] Meunier P, Spedding G R 2006 J. Fluid Mech. 552 229
[6] Reed A M, Milgram J H 2002 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 34 469
[7] Abramovich S, Solan A 1973 J. Fluid Mech. 59 791
[8] Sozou G, Pickering W M 1977 J. Fluid Mech. 80 673
[9] Sozou G 1979 J. Fluid Mech. 91 541
[10] Chen Y X, Chen K, You Y X 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 114701 (in Chinese) [陈云祥, 陈科, 尤云祥 2013 62 114701]
[11] Voropayev S I, Afanasyev Y D 1994 Vortex Structures in a Stratified Fluid (London: Chapman and Hall)
[12] Flor J B, van Heijst G J F 1994 J.Fluid Mech. 279 101
[13] Flor J B, Fernando H J S, van Heijst G J F 1994 Phys. Fluids 6 287
[14] Fonseka S V, Fernando H J S, van Heijst G J F 1998 J. Geophys. Res. 24 857
[15] Praud O, Fincham A M 2005 J. Fluid Mech. 54 41
[16] Feng B P, Mi J C, Deo R C, Nathan G J 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 7756 (in Chinese) [冯宝平, 米建春, Deo Ravinesh C, Nathan Graham J 2009 58 7756]
[17] Feng B P, Mi J C 2011 Chin. Phys. B 20 074701
[18] Van Heijst G J F, Flor J B 1989 Nature 340 212
[19] Voropayev S I, Afanasyev Y D 1992 J. Fluid Mech. 23 6665
[20] Orlandi P 1990 Phys. Fluids A 2 1429
[21] Voropayev S I, Smirnov S A 2003 Phys. Fluids 15 618
[22] Voropayev S I, McEachem G B, Fernando H J S 1999 Phys. Fluids 11 1682
[23] Chen K, You Y X, Hu T Q, Zhu M H, Wang X Q 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 395 (in Chinese) [陈科, 尤云祥, 胡天群, 朱敏慧, 王小青 2011 60 395]
[24] Chen K, You Y X, Hu T Q, Zhu M H, Wang X Q 2012 Sci. Sini. (Physica, Mechanica and Astronomica) 42 172 (in Chinese) [陈科, 尤云祥, 胡天群, 朱敏慧, 王小青 2012 中国科学G辑 (物理学、力学、天文学) 42 172]
[25] Voropayev S I, Fernando H J S, Smirnov S A 2007 Phys. Fluids 19 1
[26] Uijttewaal W S J, Tukker J 1998 Exp. Fluids 24 192
[27] Booij R, Tukker J 2001 J. Hydra. Res. 39 169
[28] Dracos T, Giger M, Jirka G H 1992 J. Fluid Mech. 241 587
[29] Lin J C, Ozgoren M, Rockwell D 2003 J. Fluid Mech. 485 33
[30] Sous D, Bonneton N, Sommeria J 2004 Phys. Fluids 16 2886
[31] Sous D, Bonneton N, Sommeria J 2005 Euro. J. Mech. B/Fluids 24 19
[32] Lee J H W, Chu V H 2003 Turbulent Jets and Plumes: A Lagrangian Approach (Kluwer Academic Publisher), p6
[33] Nikora V, Nokes R, Veale W, Davidson M, Jirka G H 2007 Environ. Fluid Mech. 7 159
[34] Chu V H, Babarutsi S 1989 J. Hydra. Eng. 114 10
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