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It is formidable task to provide a comprehensive investigation of wave breaking and its turbulence process. In this review paper, the observations of turbulence by wave breaking and its parameterizations since 1990 are presented. Among them, the following are the most important. (1)Wave breaking induced turbulent mixing process cannot be described by the wall-layer theory, that is, the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy is not proportional to the inverse of water depth. In fact, a significant turbulent mixing enhancement in near-surface layer for a depth of several meters is achived by wave breaking. The dissipation rate of turbulence kinet energy is one to three orders larger than the value predicted by the wall-layer scaling. (2)In the crest region above the mean waterline, the dissipation rate increases as disz-2.3, while in the region below the trough, the dissipation rate decreases as disexp(-z) or disz-2. (3)The turbulent mixing length is a critical physical quantity to study the wave breaking. Up to now, however, there has been a large difference between the values given by the previous studies. Extensive work on the mixing depth and turbulent mixing length by wave breaking is also needed in the future.
[1] Agrawal Y C, Terray E A, Denelan M A, Hwang P A, Williams Ⅲ A J 1992 Nature 359 219
[2] [3] Osborn T, Farmer D M, Vagle S, Thorpe S A, Cur M 1992 Atmos. Ocean 30 419
[4] Anis A, Moum J N 1995 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25 346
[5] [6] Terray E A, Denelan M A, Agrawal Y C, Drennan W M, Kahma K K, Williams Ⅲ A J, Hwang P A, Kitaigorodskii S A 1996 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 792
[7] [8] Farmer D M, Gemmrich J R 1996 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 816
[9] [10] Melville W K, Matusov P 2002 Nature 417 58
[11] [12] Zhang S, Yuan Y 2003 Sci. in China D 33 695(in Chinese)[张书文、袁业立 2003 中国科学 D辑 33 695]
[13] [14] Thorpe S A, Osborn T, Jackson J F, Hall A J, Lueck R G 2003 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 33 122
[15] [16] Gemmrich J R, Farmer D M 2004 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34 1067
[17] [18] Fabrice V, Melville W K 1999 J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 16 1580
[19] [20] Kitaigorodskii S A 1984 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 14 960
[21] [22] Wallace D W R, Wirick C D 1992 Nature 356 694
[23] [24] Imberger J 1998 Physical Processes in Oceans and Lakes, Coastal and Esturine Studies p54
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[48] [49] Huang Z C, Hsiao S C, Hwang H H 2008 Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6
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[52] Zedel L, Hay A E, Cabrera R, Lohrmann A 1996 IEEE J.Oceanic Tech. 21 290
[53] [54] Soloviev A, Lukas R 2003 Deep-Sea Res. 50 371
[55] [56] Osborn T R 1974 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 4 109
[57] [58] Lueck R G, Huang D, Newmen D 2002 J. Oceanogr. 58 153
[59] [60] Schafstall J, Dengler M, Brandt P, Bange H 2010 J. Geophys. Res. 115 C10014
[61] [62] [63] Rainville L, Winsor P 2008 Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 L08606
[64] [65] Palmer M R, Rippeth T P, Simpson J H 2008 J. Geophys. Res. 113 C12005
[66] Painter S C, Pidcock R E, Allen J T 2010 Deep-Sea Res. 57 1281
[67] [68] [69] Martin A P, Lucas M I, Painter S C 2010 Deep-Sea Res. 57 1293
[70] Greenan B W, Oakey N S, Dobson F W 2001 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 31 992
[71] [72] [73] Gargett A E 1989 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 21 419
[74] [75] Michael L B, Roger H J G 1992 Breaking waves Symposium Sydney Australia 1991 (Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin) 95
[76] [77] Gemmrich J R 2010 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 40 583
[78] Craig P D, Banner M L 1994 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24 2546
[79] [80] Feddersen F, Trowbridge J H, Williams Ⅲ A J 2007 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 37 1764
[81] [82] Jones N, Monismith S G 2008 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38 1563
[83] [84] Gemmrich J R, Banner M L, Garrett C 2008 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38 1296
[85] -
[1] Agrawal Y C, Terray E A, Denelan M A, Hwang P A, Williams Ⅲ A J 1992 Nature 359 219
[2] [3] Osborn T, Farmer D M, Vagle S, Thorpe S A, Cur M 1992 Atmos. Ocean 30 419
[4] Anis A, Moum J N 1995 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25 346
[5] [6] Terray E A, Denelan M A, Agrawal Y C, Drennan W M, Kahma K K, Williams Ⅲ A J, Hwang P A, Kitaigorodskii S A 1996 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 792
[7] [8] Farmer D M, Gemmrich J R 1996 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 816
[9] [10] Melville W K, Matusov P 2002 Nature 417 58
[11] [12] Zhang S, Yuan Y 2003 Sci. in China D 33 695(in Chinese)[张书文、袁业立 2003 中国科学 D辑 33 695]
[13] [14] Thorpe S A, Osborn T, Jackson J F, Hall A J, Lueck R G 2003 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 33 122
[15] [16] Gemmrich J R, Farmer D M 2004 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34 1067
[17] [18] Fabrice V, Melville W K 1999 J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 16 1580
[19] [20] Kitaigorodskii S A 1984 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 14 960
[21] [22] Wallace D W R, Wirick C D 1992 Nature 356 694
[23] [24] Imberger J 1998 Physical Processes in Oceans and Lakes, Coastal and Esturine Studies p54
[25] [26] Kantha L H, Clayson C A 1994 J. Geophys. Res. 99 25235
[27] [28] [29] Zhang S, Yuan Y, Zheng Q 2007 Acta. Oceanol. Sin. 26 116
[30] Cui H, Zhang S W 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 6509(in Chinses)[崔 红、张书文 2009 58 6509]
[31] [32] [33] Zhang S, Yuan Y 2005 J. Geophys. Res. 110 C09021
[34] [35] Hwang P A, Sletten M A 2008 J. Geophys. Res. 113 C02012
[36] [37] Garrett C, Li M, Farmer D 2001 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30 2163
[38] [39] Deane G B, Stokes M D 2002 Nature 418 839
[40] [41] Zhang S W 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 3287(in Chinses)[张书文 2008 57 3287]
[42] [43] Magnaudet J, Thais L 1995 J. Geophys. Res. 100 757
[44] [45] Teixeira M A C, Belcher S E 2002 J. Fluid Mech. 458 229
[46] [47] Ardhuin F, Jenkins A D 2006 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 36 551
[48] [49] Huang Z C, Hsiao S C, Hwang H H 2008 Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6
[50] [51] Drennan W M, Denelan M A, Terray E A, Katsaros S A 1996 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 808
[52] Zedel L, Hay A E, Cabrera R, Lohrmann A 1996 IEEE J.Oceanic Tech. 21 290
[53] [54] Soloviev A, Lukas R 2003 Deep-Sea Res. 50 371
[55] [56] Osborn T R 1974 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 4 109
[57] [58] Lueck R G, Huang D, Newmen D 2002 J. Oceanogr. 58 153
[59] [60] Schafstall J, Dengler M, Brandt P, Bange H 2010 J. Geophys. Res. 115 C10014
[61] [62] [63] Rainville L, Winsor P 2008 Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 L08606
[64] [65] Palmer M R, Rippeth T P, Simpson J H 2008 J. Geophys. Res. 113 C12005
[66] Painter S C, Pidcock R E, Allen J T 2010 Deep-Sea Res. 57 1281
[67] [68] [69] Martin A P, Lucas M I, Painter S C 2010 Deep-Sea Res. 57 1293
[70] Greenan B W, Oakey N S, Dobson F W 2001 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 31 992
[71] [72] [73] Gargett A E 1989 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 21 419
[74] [75] Michael L B, Roger H J G 1992 Breaking waves Symposium Sydney Australia 1991 (Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin) 95
[76] [77] Gemmrich J R 2010 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 40 583
[78] Craig P D, Banner M L 1994 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24 2546
[79] [80] Feddersen F, Trowbridge J H, Williams Ⅲ A J 2007 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 37 1764
[81] [82] Jones N, Monismith S G 2008 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38 1563
[83] [84] Gemmrich J R, Banner M L, Garrett C 2008 J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38 1296
[85]
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