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提出一种基于共享孔径技术设计低雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)电磁超构表面天线的新方法. 该方法首先设计具有低RCS性能的超构表面, 然后借鉴共享孔径技术思想, 将超构表面和传统天线的辐射结构直接共享口径紧密排列, 得到新型低RCS天线结构, 并结合电流分析和局部结构修正, 优化天线的辐射性能, 最终同时实现天线的良好辐射和宽带低RCS性能. 为了阐明该方法, 基于极化旋转机理设计了一款低RCS超构表面, 采用共享孔径思想和电流分析, 得到了一款宽带低RCS超构表面天线, 详细分析了该天线的工作机理与性能. 结果表明: 设计的天线在保证较好辐射的同时, 实现了超宽带RCS减缩, 提出的设计方法摒弃了从天线到低RCS天线的传统设计思路, 通过逆向思维, 将散射的优化问题转化为辐射的优化问题, 不仅实现了天线与超构表面的一体化设计, 还显著地降低了低RCS天线优化设计的难度, 加速了天线优化进程.In this paper, a novel shared-aperture method of electromagnetic metasurface and antenna is proposed to obtain low radar-cross-section (RCS) performance. In this method, the low-RCS metasurface is first designed, then this metasurface is combined with traditional antenna to obtain novel low-RCS antenna based on shared-aperture technique. Besides, the analysis and corresponding local structure modification are also conducted to ensure that the antenna has good radiation performance while reducing broadband RCS. Using this method, a dual-layer polarization rotation unit cell is first proposed and its broadband working principle is investigated by both theoretical analysis and numerical comparison. Based on this unit cell, a broadband low-RCS metasurface is constructed. Then an initial shared-aperture metasurface antenna is obtained by substituting the middle cells in the metasurface with traditional patch antenna directly. Through careful analysis of surface current in radiation mode, the gain decrease of this metasurface antenna is revealed. On this basis, a finite removal strategy is put forward and some metasurface cells in the antenna are removed by using the electric current analysis. Consequently, an improved shared-aperture metasurface antenna is proposed. This improved antenna works in a frequency range from 6.3 to 7.48 GHz, which is slightly wider than the traditional patch antenna. Its gain is also higher than that of traditional antenna, with a maximum improvement of 1 dB. Meanwhile, the apparent RCS decreases from 6 to 16 GHz for any polarized incident wave, and the reduction peak is larger than 20 dB. Finally, fabrications and measurements are conducted. The measurement results and numerical calculations are in good agreement. The well-behaved radiation performance and broadband low-RCS property of this metasurface antenna verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Unlike most of reported design methods of low-RCS antennas directly from traditional antennas, the proposed method adopts reverse thinking to transform scattering optimization into radiation optimization, realizing the integration between metasurface and antenna, thus making low-RCS antenna design easier and faster.
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Keywords:
- electromagnetic metasurface /
- antenna /
- shared-aperture technique /
- low radar cross section
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图 1 极化旋转表面 (a) 单元透视图; (b) 单元俯视图; (c) 表面俯视图
Fig. 1. Polarization rotation metasurface: (a) Perspective view; (b) top view of unit cell; (c) top view of proposed surface.
图 2 极化旋转表面性能 (a) 单元反射幅度; (b) 单元反射性能分析; (c) 电流分析; (d) 表面单站RCS
Fig. 2. Performance of proposed polarization conversion metasurface: (a) Reflection amplitude of uint cell; (b) reflection performance analysis of unit cell; (c) surface current analysis; (d) RCS of proposed surface.
图 3 超构表面与天线共享孔径设计流程 (a) 超构表面; (b) 传统天线; (c) 共享孔径天线1; (d) 共享孔径天线2
Fig. 3. Shared aperture of metasurface and antenna: (a) Metasurface; (b) conventional antenna; (c) shared-aperture antenna 1; (d) shared-aperture antenna 2.
图 4 传统天线与共享孔径天线1的辐射性能对比 (a) 反射系数; (b) 增益
Fig. 4. Radiation performance comparison of shared-aperture antenna 1 with conventional antenna: (a) Reflection coefficient; (b) gain.
图 5 天线表面电流分析 (a), (d) 传统天线; (b), (e) 共享孔径天线1; (c), (f) 共享孔径天线2
Fig. 5. Surface current analysis: (a), (d) Conventional antenna; (b), (e) shared-aperture antenna 1; (c), (f) shared-aperture antenna 2
图 6 天线辐射性能对比 (a) 反射系数; (b) 增益; (c)—(f) 三维辐射方向图, 其中(c), (e) 传统天线, (d), (f) 共享孔径天线2; (g), (h) 二维辐射方向图
Fig. 6. Radiation performance comparison of the antennas: (a) Reflection coefficient; (b) gain; (c)–(f) 3D radiation patterns, (c), (e) conventional antenna, (d), (f) shared-aperture antenna 2; (g), (h) 2D radiation patterns.
图 7 天线RCS对比 (a) x极化; (b) y极化
Fig. 7. RCS comparison of the antennas: (a) x polarization; (b) y polarization.
图 8 天线散射方向图对比 (a)—(d) 传统天线; (e)—(h) 共享孔径天线2
Fig. 8. Scattering patterns comparison of the antennas: (a)–(d) Conventional antenna; (e)–(h) shared-aperture antenna 2.
图 9 斜入射下天线双站RCS对比 (a) θinc = 30°, φinc = 0°, θsca = 30°, φsca = 180°; (b) θinc = 30°, φinc = 90°, θsca = 30°, φsca = 270°; (c) θinc = 30°, φinc = 315°, θsca = 30°, φsca = 135°; (d) θinc = 60°, φinc = 0°, θsca = 30°, φsca = 180°; (e) θinc = 60°, φinc = 90°, θsca = 30°, φsca = 270°; (f) θinc = 60°, φinc = 315°, θsca = 30°, φsca = 135°
Fig. 9. Bistatic RCS under different polarized oblique incidences: (a) θinc = 30°, φinc = 0°, θsca = 30°, φsca = 180°; (b) θinc = 30°, φinc = 90°, θsca = 30°, φsca = 270°; (c) θinc = 30°, φinc = 315°, θsca = 30°, φsca = 135°; (d) θinc = 60°, φinc = 0°, θsca = 30°, φsca = 180°; (e) θinc = 60°, φinc = 90°, θsca = 30°, φsca = 270°; (f) θinc = 60°, φinc = 315°, θsca = 30°, φsca = 135°.
图 10 天线样件实物 (a) 传统天线; (b) 共享孔径天线2
Fig. 10. Picture of fabricated antennas: (a) Conventional antenna; (b) shared-aperture antenna 2.
图 12 6.7 GHz实测天线方向图 (a) E面; (b) H面
Fig. 12. Measured radiation patterns at 6.7 GHz: (a) E plane; (b) H plane.
表 1 本文设计共享孔径天线2与已有文献天线比较
Table 1. Comparison of shared-aperture antenna 2 in this work and antennas in previous work.
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[1] Yu N F, Genevet P, Kats M A, Aieta F, Tetienne J P, Capasso F, Gaburro Z 2011 Science 334 333
Google Scholar
[2] Cui T 2017 J. Opt. 19 084004
Google Scholar
[3] Li T, Yang H H, Li Q, Zhu X W, Cao X Y, Gao J, Wu Z B 2019 IET Microwaves Antennas Propag. 13 185
Google Scholar
[4] Li T, Yang H H, Li Q, Tian J H, Gao K, Li S J, Cao X Y 2024 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 23 1206
Google Scholar
[5] Zhao B, Huang C, Yang J N, Song J K, Guan C L, Luo X G 2020 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 19 982
Google Scholar
[6] Dhumal A, Mahesh S B, Bhardwaj A, Saikia M, Malik S, Srivastava K V 2023 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 65 96
Google Scholar
[7] Ghosh S, Ghosh J, Singh M S, Sarkhel A 2023 IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Express Briefs 70 76
Google Scholar
[8] Xi Y, Jiang W, Wei K, Hong T, Gong S X 2023 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 71 422
Google Scholar
[9] Yu J, Jiang W, Gong S X 2020 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 19 1058
Google Scholar
[10] Wang C, Li Y F, Feng M C, Wang J F, Ma H, Zhang J Q, Qu S B 2019 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 67 6508
Google Scholar
[11] Huang C, Pan W B, Ma X L, Luo X G 2016 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 15 448
Google Scholar
[12] Chen K, Feng Y J, Monticone F, Zhao J M, Zhu B, Jiang T, Zhang L, Kim Y, Ding X M, Zhang S, Alu A, Qiu C W 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1606422
Google Scholar
[13] Ha T D, Zhu L, AlSaab N, Chen P Y, Guo J L 2023 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 71 67
Google Scholar
[14] Zhang T Z, Pang X Y, Zhang H, Zheng Q 2023 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 22 665
Google Scholar
[15] Li T, Yang H H, Li Q, Jidi L R, Cao X Y, Gao J 2021 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 5325
Google Scholar
[16] Yang H H, Cao X Y, Yang F, Gao J, Xu S H, Li M, Chen X B, Zhao Y, Zheng Y J, Li S J 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 35692
Google Scholar
[17] 冯奎胜, 李娜, 杨欢欢 2021 70 194101
Google Scholar
Feng K S, Li N, Yang H H 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 194101
Google Scholar
[18] Liu T, Cao X Y, Gao J, Zheng Q Y, Li W Q, Yang H H 2013 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 61 1479
Google Scholar
[19] Zhang Z C, Huang M, Chen Y K, Qu S W, Hu J, Yang S W 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68 7927
Google Scholar
[20] Tan Y, Yuan N, Yang Y, Fu Y Q 2011 Electron Lett. 47 582
Google Scholar
[21] Zheng Y J, Gao J, Cao X Y, Yuan Z D, Yang H H 2015 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 14 1582
Google Scholar
[22] Liu Y, Liu Z S, Wang Q, Jia Y T 2021 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 8955
Google Scholar
[23] Liu J, Li J Y, Chen Z N 2022 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 70 3834
Google Scholar
[24] Yao W, Gao H T, Tian Y, Wu J, Guo L Y, Huang X J 2023 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 71 5663
Google Scholar
[25] Liu Y, Jia Y T, Zhang W B, Li F 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68 3644
Google Scholar
[26] Zhu L, Sun J W, Hao Z Y, Kuai X L, Zhang H H, Cao Q S 2023 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 22 975
Google Scholar
[27] Guo Q X, Chen Q, Su J X, Li Z R 2024 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 23 768
Google Scholar
[28] Yang H H, Li T, Xu L M, Cao X Y, Jidi L R, Guo Z X, Li P, Gao J 2021 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 1239
Google Scholar
[29] Yang H H, Li T, Jidi L R, Gao K, Li Q, Qiao J X, Li S J, Cao X Y, Cui T J 2023 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 71 4075
Google Scholar
[30] Wang P F, Jia Y T, Hu W Y, Liu Y, Lei H Y, Sun H B, Cui T J 2023 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 71 5626
Google Scholar
[31] Ren J Y, Jiang W, Gong S X 2018 IEEE Microwaves Antennas Propag. 12 1793
Google Scholar
[32] Jia Y T, Liu T, Zhang W B, Wang J, Liao G S 2018 IEEE Access 6 23561
Google Scholar
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