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采用改进的连续小波变换对一组人工触发闪电的回击过程光学辐射信号进行了色散特性分析, 并与经典R-L-C传输线模型的计算结果进行了对比. 结果表明, 回击过程光学辐射信号不同频率分量的到达时间随频率的增加具有非线性变化; 在不同频率分量的到达时间曲线上, 低频段均出现了一个转折频率, 并且转折频率的大小通常在10—25 kHz之间. 该转折频率的存在为评估回击通道特性和电导率提供了一类新的参数化依据, 据此估算了此次触发闪电六次回击过程的通道电导率, 平均变化范围为(0.59—0.96) × 104 S/m, 总体平均值约为0.77 × 104 S/m, 与经典评估结果相似.In this paper, improved continuous wavelet transform is used to analyze the dispersion characteristics of a group of optical radiation signals of return stroke in an artificially triggered lightning, and the analysis results are compared with the results calculated by the classical R-L-C transmission line model. The analysis results show that the arrival time of different frequency components of the optical radiation of return stroke presents nonlinear variation with frequency. Moreover, a turning point always appears in the low frequency band on the arrival time curves of different frequency components, and the turning frequency is usually between 10 kHz and 25 kHz. The existence of this turning frequency provides a new kind of parameterization basis for evaluating the characteristic and conductivity of the return stroke channel. Based on this, the channel conductivities of the six return strokes of this triggered lightning are estimated. The average variation ranges from 0.59 × 104 S/m to 0.96 × 104 S/m, and the overall average value is about 0.77 × 104 S/m, which are similar to the classical evaluation results.
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Keywords:
- time-frequency analysis /
- return stroke /
- dispersion /
- channel conductivity
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图 1 触发闪电试验布局 (a)综合观测平台; (b) LiPOS观测示意图
Fig. 1. Layout of the trigger site: (a) Schematic diagram of the comprehensive observation platform; (b) observation diagram of the LiPOS.
图 2 触发闪电回击光信号 (a) S5通道记录的六次回击归一化波形; (b)第三次回击光信号波形, 插图为S8和S7通道记录的先导波形
Fig. 2. Optical signals of the return stroke: (a) Normalized light intensity of all six return strokes recorded by channel S5; (b) optical signals of RS3. The expanded leader observed by channel S8 and S7 is shown in the inset.
图 3 第三次回击中S8通道分析结果 (a) S8通道不同频率分量百分比; (b)传统CWT时频分析结果; (c)改进CWT时频分析结果; (d)回击和先导光辐射信号的归一化时频图; (e)回击光辐射信号不同频率分量到达时间散点图, 插图为50 kHz以下的散点图
Fig. 3. The results of channel S8 of RS3: (a) Energy percentage of the frequency components of channel S8; (b) time-frequency analysis results calculated by traditional CWT method; (c) time-frequency analysis results calculated by improved CWT method; (d) normalized time-frequency graph of the return stroke and the leader optical radiation signal; (e) scatter plot of arrival time of different frequency components of the return stroke optical radiation signal. The inset is the expanded scatter plot below 50 kHz.
图 4 (a)群速度随频率的变化关系(c为真空光速); (b)群延迟
Fig. 4. (a) Relationship between group velocity and frequency (c is the speed of light in vacuum); (b) group delay.
图 5 (a)初始脉冲及传播后的脉冲; (b)时频分析方法和传输线模型计算结果
Fig. 5. (a) Initial impulse and propagated pulse; (b) results calculated by the time-frequency method and the TL model.
表 1 传输线模型计算的通道特征参数
Table 1. Channel characteristic parameters calculated by the TL model.
序号 转折频率/kHz R/(Ω·m–1) σ/(104 S·m–1) 1 141.25 3.5 0.09 2 79.43 2.0 0.16 3 39.81 1.0 0.32 4 19.95 0.5 0.64 5 12.02 0.3 1.06 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 实测数据的通道特征参数
Table 2. Channel characteristics of the observed results.
回击 S5通道 S6通道 S7通道 S8通道 电导率平均值/104 转折频率/kHz σ/(104 S·m–1) 转折频率/kHz σ/(104 S·m–1) 转折频率/kHz σ/(104 S·m–1) 转折频率/kHz σ/(104 S·m–1) RS1 17.5 0.72 17 0.74 16.7 0.76 16.5 0.76 0.75 RS2 19 0.67 18.7 0.68 18.6 0.68 19.1 0.66 0.67 RS3 14 0.90 13 0.97 16 0.79 18 0.70 0.84 RS4 12.2 1.03 13.6 0.92 13.7 0.92 13 0.97 0.96 RS5 21 0.60 20 0.63 22.5 0.56 23 0.55 0.59 RS6 16.5 0.76 16 0.79 15.7 0.80 15.5 0.81 0.79 电导率平均值 — — — — — — — — 0.77
下载: 导出CSV
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[1] Liang C, Carlson B, Lehtinen N, Cohen M, Marshall R A, Inan U 2014 Geophys. Res. Lett. 41 2561
Google Scholar
[2] Cai S, Chen M, Du Y, Qin Z 2017 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122 8686
Google Scholar
[3] 唐国瑛, 孙竹玲, 蒋如斌, 李丰全, 刘明远, 刘昆, 郄秀书 2020 69 189201
Google Scholar
Tang G Y, Sun Z L, Jiang R B, Li F Q, Liu M Y, Liu K, Qie X S 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 189201
Google Scholar
[4] 李书磊, 邱实, 石立华, 李云, 段艳涛 2019 68 165202
Google Scholar
Li S L, Qiu S, Shi L H, Li Y, Duan Y T 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 165202
Google Scholar
[5] Heidler F H 2019 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 61 644
Google Scholar
[6] Hoole P R P, Hoole S R H 1988 IEEE Trans. Magn. 24 3165
Google Scholar
[7] Wang D H, Takagi N, Gamerota W R, Uman M A, Hill J D, Jordan D M 2013 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 9880
Google Scholar
[8] Liu L, Yang S Y, Ni G Z, Huang J 2014 IEEE Trans. Magn. 50 149
Google Scholar
[9] Ratnamahilan P, Hoole P R P 1993 IEEE Trans. Magn. 29 1839
Google Scholar
[10] Schonland B F J, Malan D J, Collens H 1935 Proc. R. Soc. London 152 595
[11] Schonland B F J 1956 Hand. Phys. 22 576
[12] Idone V P, Orville R E 1982 J. Geophys. Res. 87 4903
Google Scholar
[13] Wang D H, Takagi N, Watanabe T, Rakov V A, Uman M A 1999 J. Geophys. Res. 104 14369
Google Scholar
[14] Wang D H, Takagi N, Uman M A, Jordan D M 2016 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121 14612
Google Scholar
[15] Olsen R C, Rakov V A, Jordan D M, Jerauld J, Uman M A, Rambo K J 2006 J. Geophys. Res. 111 D13202
Google Scholar
[16] Saba M M F, Schulz W, Warner T A, Campos L Z S, Schumann C, Krider E P, Cummins K L, Orville R E 2010 J. Geophys. Res. 115 D24201
[17] Tran M D, Rakov V A 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 39521
Google Scholar
[18] Olsen R C, Jordan D M, Rakov V A, Uman M A, Grimes N 2004 Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 L16107
Google Scholar
[19] Jordan D M, Uman M A 1983 J. Geophys. Res. 88 6555
Google Scholar
[20] Carvalho F L, Uman M A, Jordan D M, Ngin T 2015 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120 10645
[21] Wang D H, Takagi N, Liu X, Watanabe T, Chihara A 2004 Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 L02111
[22] Kawasaki Z, Nakano M, Takeuti T 1987 Trans. Inst. Electr. Eng. Jpn. 107 47
Google Scholar
[23] Carvalho F L, Uman M A, Jordan D M, Moore R C 2017 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122 2334
Google Scholar
[24] Rakov V A 1998 J. Geophys. Res. 103 1879
Google Scholar
[25] Li Y C, Zhang Q, Luo X J, Si Q, Ran Y Z, Wang J B, Fu S C, Sun Z, Shi L H 2021 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 63 1146
Google Scholar
[26] Huang L Y, Zhang Q, Wang J B, Duan Y T, Chen H L, Shi L H, Gao C 2020 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 62 324
Google Scholar
[27] Li Y, Qiu S, Shi L H, Wang T, Zhang Q, Lei Q, Sun Z 2018 Geophys. Res. Lett. 45 569
[28] Taylor A R 1965 J. Geophys. Res. 70 5693
Google Scholar
[29] Oetzel G N 1968 J. Geophys. Res. 73 1889
Google Scholar
[30] An T T, Yuan P, Chen R R, Zhang N, Wan R B, Zhang M, Liu G R 2021 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 126 105851
[31] 王雪娟, 袁萍, 岑建勇, 张廷龙, 薛思敏, 赵金翠, 许鹤 2013 62 109201
Google Scholar
Wang X J, Yuan P, Cen J Y, Zhang T L, Xue S M, Zhao J C, Xu H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 109201
Google Scholar
[32] 王雪娟, 袁萍, 岑建勇, 王杰, 张廷龙 2013 光谱学与光谱分析 33 3192
Google Scholar
Wang X J, Yuan P, Cen J Y, Wang J, Zhang T L 2013 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 33 3192
Google Scholar
[33] 赵金翠, 袁萍, 岑建勇, 李亚珺, 王 杰 2015 光谱学与光谱分析 35 1474
Google Scholar
Zhao J C, Yuan P, Cen J Y, Li Y J, Wang J 2015 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 35 1474
Google Scholar
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