非周期微纳结构增强有机发光二极管光耦合输出的研究进展

刘萌娇; 张新稳; 王炯; 秦雅博; 陈月花; 黄维

doi:10.7498/aps.67.20181209

摘要

有机发光二极管（OLED）具有功耗低、重量轻、色域宽、响应时间快及对比度高等优点，在全彩平板显示和固态照明等领域均显现出巨大的应用潜力，受到人们的广泛关注.然而，较低的光输出效率使得器件的外量子效率远低于内量子效率，这严重制约了OLED器件的发展和应用.因此如何提高OLED器件的光耦合输出效率已成为备受关注的研究课题.本文主要介绍了采用非周期微纳结构提高OLED器件光耦合输出效率的最新研究进展，对随机微纳透镜结构、光散射介质层、聚合物多孔散射薄膜、随机凹凸波纹结构及随机褶皱结构等多种对器件亮度分布和光谱稳定性无明显影响的光耦合输出技术进行了总结和讨论.最后，对提高OLED器件光耦合输出研究做了总结和展望.

关键词:

Abstract

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) possess a number of advantages such as low power consumption, light weight, wide color gamut, high response speed, and high contrast ratio. They have received widespread attention due to their tremendous commercial applications in the fields of full-color flat panel display and solid-state lighting. Although nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency of OLED has been achieved through adopting phosphorescence or thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters. However, the majority of light generated in an emitting layer is confined within the whole device but does not escape into air due to the induced surface plasmons at the interface between metal and dielectric layers as well as the differences in refractive index between layers of OLED structures including air, glass substrate, transparent electrode as well as organic or inorganic layers. The external quantum efficiency for an OLED with a flat glass substrate is limited to~20%. A low light out-coupling efficiency severely restricts the development and application of OLED. Therefore, enhancing the light out-coupling efficiency of OLED via light extraction technology offers the greatest potential for achieving a substantial increase in the external quantum efficiency of OLED and has been one of the most attractive projects. Up to now, lots of light out-coupling technologies such as micro-lens arrays, photonic crystal, Bragg mirrors and periodic grating have been suggested to enhance the out-coupling efficiency of OLEDs. However, the periodic light out-coupling structures have a limitation that the electroluminescence intensity and spectrum of OLED usually depend on the viewing angle. The angular dependence of the emission characteristic does not hold true for actual display applications due to its deviation from the Lambertian intensity distribution. In this review, we present recent research progress of using non-period micro/nanostructures to improve the light out-coupling efficiency of OLED. In contrast to the emission directionality for OLED using periodic light out-coupling structures, the luminance distribution and spectral stability of OLED based on non-period micro/nanostructures are insensitive to viewing angle. Various light out-coupling techniques such as random micro/nano lens structure, light scattering medium layer, polymer porous scattering films, random concave-convex corrugated structure, and random buckled structure are summarized and discussed. These techniques have the potential applications in displays and solid-state lighting. Finally, summary and prospects regarding to light-coupling techniques of OLEDs are presented.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
南京邮电大学信息材料与纳米技术研究院, 有机电子与信息显示国家重点实验室培育基地, 南京 210023

通信作者: 张新稳, iamxwzhang@njupt.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（批准号：61774088，61705112）、国家重点基础研究计划（批准号：2014CB648300）、江苏省自然科学基金（批准号：BK20170913，BK20161519）和江苏高校优势学科建设工程（批准号：YX03001）资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
National Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Xin-Wen, iamxwzhang@njupt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61774088, 61705112), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2014CB648300), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant Nos. BK20170913, BK20161519), and the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China (Grant No. YX03001).

参考文献

[1]	Tang C W, Vanslyke S A, Chen C H 1989 J. Appl. Phys. 65 3610
[2]	Luo Y, Wang C H, Wang L, Ding Y C, Li L, Wei B, Zhang J H 2014 ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces 6 10213
[3]	McCarthy M A, Rinzler A G 2011 Science 332 570
[4]	Shen J, Li F, Cao Z, Barat D, Tu G 2017 ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces 9 14990
[5]	Kessler F, Watanabe Y, Sasabe H, Katagiri H, Nazeeruddin M K, Grtzel M, Kido J 2013 J. Mater. Chem. C 1 1070
[6]	Eom S H, Wrzesniewski E, Xue J G 2011 J. Photon. Energy 1 011002
[7]	Xu L, Tang C W, Rothberg L J 2016 Org. Electron. 32 54
[8]	Han J H, Kim D H, Choi K C 2015 Opt. Express 23 19863
[9]	Zhang X W, Hu Q 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 207802 (in Chinese)[张新稳, 胡琦 2012 61 207802]
[10]	Kim S Y, Jeong W I, Mayr C, Park Y S, Kim K H, Lee J H, Moon C K, Brtting W, Kim J J 2013 Adv. Funct. Mater. 23 3896
[11]	Uoyama H, Goushi K, Shizu K, Nomura H, Adachi C 2012 Nature 492 234
[12]	Sun Y, Giebink N C, Kanno H, Ma B, Thompson M E, Forrest S R 2006 Nature 440 908
[13]	Wang Q, Ma D 2010 Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 2387
[14]	Hyun W J, Lee H K, Im S H, Park O O 2014 J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 14 8411
[15]	Lee J I, Lee J, Lee J W, Cho D H, Shin J W, Han J H, Chu H Y 2012 ETRI J. 34 690
[16]	Adachi C, Kwong R C, Djurovich P, Adamovich V, Baldo M A, Thompson M E, Forrest S R 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 2082
[17]	Tokito S, Iijima T, Suzuri Y, Kita H, Tsuzuki T, Sato F 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 569
[18]	Lan L H, Tao H, Li M L, Gao D Y, Zou J H, Xu M, Wang L, Peng J B 2017 Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 33 1548 (in Chinese)[蓝露华, 陶洪, 李美灵, 高栋雨, 邹建华, 徐苗, 王磊, 彭俊彪 2017 物理化学学报 33 1548]
[19]	Saxena K, Jain V K, Mehta D S 2009 Opt. Mater. 32 221
[20]	Hobson P A, Wasey J A E, Sage I, Barnes W L 2002 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 8 378
[21]	Uoyama H, Goushi K, Shizu K, Nomura H, Adachi C 2012 Nature 492 234
[22]	Chutinan A, Ishihara K, Asano T, Fujita M, Noda S 2005 Org. Electron. 6 3
[23]	Nowy S, Krummacher B C, Frischeisen J, Reinke N A, Brtting W 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 104 801
[24]	Meerheim R, Furno M, Hofmann S, Lussem B, Leo K 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 275
[25]	Bocksrocker T, Preinfalk J B, Aschetauscher J, Pargner A, Eschenbaum C, Maierflaig F, Lemme U 2012 Opt. Express 20 A932
[26]	Mller S, Forrest S R 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 91 3324
[27]	Mann V, Rastogi V 2017 Opt. Commun. 387 202
[28]	Sun Y, Forrest S R 2006 J. Appl. Phys. 100 3730
[29]	Hong K, Lee J L 2011 Electron. Mater. Lett. 7 77
[30]	Yang Y, Chen S F, Xie J, Chen C Y, Shao M, Guo X, Huang W 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 047809 (in Chinese)[杨洋, 陈淑芬, 谢军, 陈春燕, 邵茗, 郭旭, 黄维 2011 60 047809]
[31]	Do Y R, Kim Y C, Song Y W, Lee Y H 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 96 7629
[32]	Ishihara K, Fujita M, Matsubara I, Asano T, Noda S, Ohata H, Hirasawa A, Nakada H, Shimoji N 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 913
[33]	Lee Y J, Kim S H, Huh J, Kim G H, Lee Y H, Cho S H, Kim Y C, Do Y R 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 3779
[34]	Bocksrocker T, Preinfalk J B, Asche-Tauscher J, Pargner A, Eschenbaum C, Maier-Flaig F, Lemmer U 2012 Opt. Express 20 A932
[35]	Brtting W, Frischeisen J, Schmidt T D, Scholz B J, Mayr C 2013 Phys. Status Solidi A 210 44
[36]	Fuchs C, Schwab T, Roch T, Eckardt S, Lasagni A, Hofmann S, Lssem B, Mllermeskamp L, Leo K, Gather M C 2013 Opt. Express 21 16319
[37]	Jin Y, Feng J, Zhang X L, Bi Y G, Bai Y, Chen L, Lan T, Liu Y F, Chen Q D, Sun H B 2012 Adv. Mater. 24 1187
[38]	Do Y R, Kim Y C, Song Y W, Cho C O, Jeon H, Lee Y J, Kim S H, Lee Y H 2003 Adv. Mater. 15 1214
[39]	Yang J P, Bao Q Y, Xu Z Q, Li Y Q, Tang J X, Shen S 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 223303
[40]	Gifford D K, Hall D G 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 4315
[41]	Cho D H, Shin J W, Joo C W, Lee J, Park S K, Moon J, Cho N S, Chu H Y, Lee J I 2014 Opt. Express 22 A1507
[42]	Lee K, Lee J, Joo C W, Kim J Y, Cho D H, Lee J I, Chu H Y, Moon J, Ju B K 2014 ECS Solid State Lett. 3 R56
[43]	Lee S, Wrzesniewski E, Cao W, Xue J, Douglas E P 2013 J. Disp. Technol. 9 497
[44]	Koo W H, Jeong S M, Araoka F, Ishikawa K, Nishimura S, Toyooka T, Takezoe H 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 222
[45]	Kim J Y, Choi C S, Kim W H, Kim D Y, Kim d H, Choi K C 2013 Opt. Exp. 21 5424
[46]	Zhou L, Ou Q D, Li Y Q, Xiang H Y, Xu L H, Chen J D, Li C, Shen S, Lee S T, Tang J X 2015 Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 2660
[47]	Yamasaki T, Sumioka K, Tsutsui T 2000 Adv. Funct. Mater. 76 1243
[48]	Moller S, Forrest S R 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 91 3324
[49]	Eom S H, Wrzesniewski E, Xue J 2011 Org. Electron. 12 472
[50]	Lee K, Lee J, Kim E, Lee J I, Cho D H, Lim J T, Joo C W, Kim J Y, Yoo S, Ju B K, Moon J 2016 Nanotechnology 27 075202
[51]	Suh M C, Pyo B, Lim B W, Kim N S 2016 Org. Electron. 38 316
[52]	Zhao X D, Li Y Q, Xiang H Y, Zhang Y B, Chen J D, Xu L H, Tang J X 2017 ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces 9 2767
[53]	Wang R, Xu L H, Li Y Q, Zhou L, Li C, Ou Q D, Chen J D, Shen S, Tang J X 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 203
[54]	Tsai M A, Yu P C, Chiu C H, Kuo H C, Lu T C, Lin S H 2010 IEEE Photonic. Tech. L. 22 12
[55]	Jeong S M, Ha N Y, Takezoe H, Nishimura S 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 506
[56]	Zhou D Y, Shi X B, Gao C H, Cai S D, Jin Y, Liao L S 2014 Appl. Surf. Sci. 314 858
[57]	Hu J, Yu Y, Jiao B, Ning S, Dong H, Hou X, Zhang Z, Wu Z 2016 Org. Electron. 31 234
[58]	Schwab T, Fuchs C, Scholz R, Zakhidov A, Leo K, Gather M C 2014 Opt. Express 22 7524
[59]	Chen S, Zhao Z, Tang B Z, Kwok H S 2012 Org. Electron. 13 1996
[60]	Riedel B, Hauss J, Aichholz M, Gall A, Lemmer U, Gerken M 2010 Org. Electron. 11 1172
[61]	Song H J, Han J, Lee G, Sohn J, Kwon Y, Choi M, Lee C 2018 Org. Electron. 52 230
[62]	Niesen B, Rand B P, van Dorpe P, Cheyns D, Tong L, Dmitriev A, Heremans P 2013 Adv. Energy Mater. 3 145
[63]	Lee C, Han K H, Kim K H, Kim J J 2016 Opt. Express 24 A488
[64]	Chen K Y, Chang Y T, Ho Y H, Lin H Y, Lee J H, Wei M K 2010 Opt. Express 18 3238
[65]	Park J M, Gan Z, Leung W Y, Liu R, Ye Z, Constant K, Shinar J, Shinar R, Ho K M 2011 Opt. Express 19 A786
[66]	Hwang J H, Park T H, Lee H J, Choi K B, Park Y W, Ju B K 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 4182
[67]	Thomschke M, Reineke S, Lssem B, Leo K 2012 Nano Lett. 12 424
[68]	Joo C W, Lee K, Lee J, Cho H, Shin J W, Cho N S, Moon J 2017 J. Lumin. 187 433
[69]	Kim Y Y, Park J J, Ye S J, Hyun W J, Im H G, Bae B S, Park O O 2016 RSC Adv. 6 65450
[70]	Xiang H Y, Li Y Q, Zhou L, Xie H J, Li C, Ou Q D, Chen L S, Lee C S, Lee S T, Tang J X 2015 ACS Nano 9 7553
[71]	Liu B, Wang L, Xu M, Tao H, Gao D, Zou J, Lan L, Ning H, Peng J, Cao Y 2014 J. Mater. Chem. C 2 9836
[72]	Ding L, Wang L W, Zhou L, Zhang F H 2016 Appl. Surf. Sci. 389 990
[73]	Kim K H, Park S Y 2016 Org. Electron. 36 103
[74]	Schaefer T, Schwab T, Lenk S, Gather M C 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107
[75]	Liu R, Ye Z, Park J M, Cai M, Chen Y, Ho K M, Shinar R, Shinar J 2011 Opt. Express 19 A1272
[76]	Go H, Koh T W, Jung H, Park C Y, Ha T W, Kim E M, Kang M H, Yong H K, Yun C 2017 Org. Electron. 47 117
[77]	Pyo B, Joo C W, Kim H S, Kwon B H, Lee J I, Lee J, Suh M C 2016 Nanoscale 8 8575
[78]	Lim B W, Suh M C 2014 Nanoscale 6 14446
[79]	Lee K M, Fardel R, Zhao L, Arnold C B, Rand B P, Lee K M, Fardel R, Zhao L, Arnold C B, Rand B P 2017 Org. Electron. 51 471
[80]	Jeong S M, Takezoe H 2012 Effect of Photonic Structures in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes-Light Extraction and Polarization Characteristics (INTECH Open Access Publisher) pp66--67
[81]	Kwok H S, Chen S 2010 Opt. Express 18 37
[82]	Zhou J, Ai N, Wang L, Zheng H, Luo C, Jiang Z, Yu S, Cao Y, Wang J 2011 Org. Electron. 12 648
[83]	Lee I, Park J Y, Gim S, Ham J, Son J H, Lee J L 2015 Small 11 4480
[84]	Riedel B, Shen Y X, Hauss J, Aichholz M, Tang X C, Lemmer U, Gerken M 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 740
[85]	Park Y, Muller-Meskamp L, Vandewal K, Leo K 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108
[86]	Liang H, Zhu R, Dong Y, Wu S T, Li J, Wang J, Zhou J 2015 Opt. Express 23 12910
[87]	Chang C H, Chang K Y, Lo Y J, Chang S J, Chang H H 2012 Org. Electron. 13 1073
[88]	Chang C H, Chang T F, Liang Y H, Lo Y J, Wu Y J, Chang H H 2016 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 55
[89]	Chang H W, Lee J, Hofmann S, Yong H K, Mllermeskamp L, Lssem B, Wu C C, Leo K, Gather M C 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 234
[90]	Joo C W, Shin J W, Moon J, Huh J W, Cho D H, Lee J, Park S K, Cho N S, Han J H, Chu H Y, Lee J I 2016 Org. Electron. 29 72
[91]	Lee K, Shin J W, Park J H, Lee J, Joo C W, Lee J I, Cho D H, Lim J T, Oh M C, Ju B K 2016 ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces 8 17409
[92]	Jin H K, Han J W, Dong J L, Entifar S A N, Ramadhan Z R, Lim K T, Yong H K 2017 Org. Electron. 54 204
[93]	Yuan S, Hao Y, Miao Y, Sun Q, Li Z, Cui Y, Wang H, Xu B 2017 RSC Adv. 7 43987
[94]	To B D, Yu C C, Ho J R, Kan H C, Hsu C C 2018 Org. Electron. 53 160
[95]	Shi J, Wang L, Li L, Luo Y, Ding Y 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 2394
[96]	Wang R, Xu L H, Li Y Q, Zhou L, Li C, Ou Q D, Chen J D, Shen S, Tang J X 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 203
[97]	Ou Q D, Xu L H, Zhang W Y, Li Y Q, Zhang Y B, Zhao X D, Chen J D, Tang J X 2016 Opt. Express 24 A674
[98]	Cho H, Kim E, Moon J, Joo C W, Kim E, Park S K, Lee J, Yu B G, Lee J I, Yoo S 2017 Org. Electron. 46 139
[99]	Lee C, Kim J J 2013 Small 9 3858
[100]	Hobson P A, Wedge S, Wasey J A E, Sage I, Barnes W L 2002 Adv. Mater. 14 1393
[101]	Koo W H, Jeong S M, Nishimura S, Araoka F, Ishikawa K, Toyooka T, Takezoe H 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 1003
[102]	Bai Y, Feng J, Liu Y F, Song J F, Simonen J, Jin Y, Chen Q D, Zi J, Sun H B 2011 Org. Electron. 12 1927
[103]	Jin Y, Feng J, Zhang X L, Bi Y G, Bai Y, Chen L, Lan T, Liu Y F, Chen Q D, Sun H B 2012 Adv. Mater. 24 1187
[104]	Jiao B, Yu Y, Dai Y, Hou X, Wu Z 2015 Opt. Express 23 4055
[105]	Kim D H, Kim J Y, Kim D Y, Han J H, Choi K C 2014 Org. Electron. 15 3183
[106]	Xu L H, Ou Q D, Li Y Q, Zhang Y B, Zhao X D, Xiang H Y, Chen J D, Zhou L, Lee S T, Tang J X 2016 ACS Nano 10 1625
[107]	Zhang Y B, Ou Q D, Li Y Q, Chen J D, Zhao X D, Wei J, Xie Z Z, Tang J X 2017 Opt. Express 25 15662
[108]	Park B, Jeon H G 2011 Opt. Express 19 A1117

施引文献

[1]	Tang C W, Vanslyke S A, Chen C H 1989 J. Appl. Phys. 65 3610
[2]	Luo Y, Wang C H, Wang L, Ding Y C, Li L, Wei B, Zhang J H 2014 ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces 6 10213
[3]	McCarthy M A, Rinzler A G 2011 Science 332 570
[4]	Shen J, Li F, Cao Z, Barat D, Tu G 2017 ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces 9 14990
[5]	Kessler F, Watanabe Y, Sasabe H, Katagiri H, Nazeeruddin M K, Grtzel M, Kido J 2013 J. Mater. Chem. C 1 1070
[6]	Eom S H, Wrzesniewski E, Xue J G 2011 J. Photon. Energy 1 011002
[7]	Xu L, Tang C W, Rothberg L J 2016 Org. Electron. 32 54
[8]	Han J H, Kim D H, Choi K C 2015 Opt. Express 23 19863
[9]	Zhang X W, Hu Q 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 207802 (in Chinese)[张新稳, 胡琦 2012 61 207802]
[10]	Kim S Y, Jeong W I, Mayr C, Park Y S, Kim K H, Lee J H, Moon C K, Brtting W, Kim J J 2013 Adv. Funct. Mater. 23 3896
[11]	Uoyama H, Goushi K, Shizu K, Nomura H, Adachi C 2012 Nature 492 234
[12]	Sun Y, Giebink N C, Kanno H, Ma B, Thompson M E, Forrest S R 2006 Nature 440 908
[13]	Wang Q, Ma D 2010 Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 2387
[14]	Hyun W J, Lee H K, Im S H, Park O O 2014 J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 14 8411
[15]	Lee J I, Lee J, Lee J W, Cho D H, Shin J W, Han J H, Chu H Y 2012 ETRI J. 34 690
[16]	Adachi C, Kwong R C, Djurovich P, Adamovich V, Baldo M A, Thompson M E, Forrest S R 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 2082
[17]	Tokito S, Iijima T, Suzuri Y, Kita H, Tsuzuki T, Sato F 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 569
[18]	Lan L H, Tao H, Li M L, Gao D Y, Zou J H, Xu M, Wang L, Peng J B 2017 Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 33 1548 (in Chinese)[蓝露华, 陶洪, 李美灵, 高栋雨, 邹建华, 徐苗, 王磊, 彭俊彪 2017 物理化学学报 33 1548]
[19]	Saxena K, Jain V K, Mehta D S 2009 Opt. Mater. 32 221
[20]	Hobson P A, Wasey J A E, Sage I, Barnes W L 2002 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 8 378
[21]	Uoyama H, Goushi K, Shizu K, Nomura H, Adachi C 2012 Nature 492 234
[22]	Chutinan A, Ishihara K, Asano T, Fujita M, Noda S 2005 Org. Electron. 6 3
[23]	Nowy S, Krummacher B C, Frischeisen J, Reinke N A, Brtting W 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 104 801
[24]	Meerheim R, Furno M, Hofmann S, Lussem B, Leo K 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 275
[25]	Bocksrocker T, Preinfalk J B, Aschetauscher J, Pargner A, Eschenbaum C, Maierflaig F, Lemme U 2012 Opt. Express 20 A932
[26]	Mller S, Forrest S R 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 91 3324
[27]	Mann V, Rastogi V 2017 Opt. Commun. 387 202
[28]	Sun Y, Forrest S R 2006 J. Appl. Phys. 100 3730
[29]	Hong K, Lee J L 2011 Electron. Mater. Lett. 7 77
[30]	Yang Y, Chen S F, Xie J, Chen C Y, Shao M, Guo X, Huang W 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 047809 (in Chinese)[杨洋, 陈淑芬, 谢军, 陈春燕, 邵茗, 郭旭, 黄维 2011 60 047809]
[31]	Do Y R, Kim Y C, Song Y W, Lee Y H 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 96 7629
[32]	Ishihara K, Fujita M, Matsubara I, Asano T, Noda S, Ohata H, Hirasawa A, Nakada H, Shimoji N 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 913
[33]	Lee Y J, Kim S H, Huh J, Kim G H, Lee Y H, Cho S H, Kim Y C, Do Y R 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 3779
[34]	Bocksrocker T, Preinfalk J B, Asche-Tauscher J, Pargner A, Eschenbaum C, Maier-Flaig F, Lemmer U 2012 Opt. Express 20 A932
[35]	Brtting W, Frischeisen J, Schmidt T D, Scholz B J, Mayr C 2013 Phys. Status Solidi A 210 44
[36]	Fuchs C, Schwab T, Roch T, Eckardt S, Lasagni A, Hofmann S, Lssem B, Mllermeskamp L, Leo K, Gather M C 2013 Opt. Express 21 16319
[37]	Jin Y, Feng J, Zhang X L, Bi Y G, Bai Y, Chen L, Lan T, Liu Y F, Chen Q D, Sun H B 2012 Adv. Mater. 24 1187
[38]	Do Y R, Kim Y C, Song Y W, Cho C O, Jeon H, Lee Y J, Kim S H, Lee Y H 2003 Adv. Mater. 15 1214
[39]	Yang J P, Bao Q Y, Xu Z Q, Li Y Q, Tang J X, Shen S 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 223303
[40]	Gifford D K, Hall D G 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 4315
[41]	Cho D H, Shin J W, Joo C W, Lee J, Park S K, Moon J, Cho N S, Chu H Y, Lee J I 2014 Opt. Express 22 A1507
[42]	Lee K, Lee J, Joo C W, Kim J Y, Cho D H, Lee J I, Chu H Y, Moon J, Ju B K 2014 ECS Solid State Lett. 3 R56
[43]	Lee S, Wrzesniewski E, Cao W, Xue J, Douglas E P 2013 J. Disp. Technol. 9 497
[44]	Koo W H, Jeong S M, Araoka F, Ishikawa K, Nishimura S, Toyooka T, Takezoe H 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 222
[45]	Kim J Y, Choi C S, Kim W H, Kim D Y, Kim d H, Choi K C 2013 Opt. Exp. 21 5424
[46]	Zhou L, Ou Q D, Li Y Q, Xiang H Y, Xu L H, Chen J D, Li C, Shen S, Lee S T, Tang J X 2015 Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 2660
[47]	Yamasaki T, Sumioka K, Tsutsui T 2000 Adv. Funct. Mater. 76 1243
[48]	Moller S, Forrest S R 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 91 3324
[49]	Eom S H, Wrzesniewski E, Xue J 2011 Org. Electron. 12 472
[50]	Lee K, Lee J, Kim E, Lee J I, Cho D H, Lim J T, Joo C W, Kim J Y, Yoo S, Ju B K, Moon J 2016 Nanotechnology 27 075202
[51]	Suh M C, Pyo B, Lim B W, Kim N S 2016 Org. Electron. 38 316
[52]	Zhao X D, Li Y Q, Xiang H Y, Zhang Y B, Chen J D, Xu L H, Tang J X 2017 ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces 9 2767
[53]	Wang R, Xu L H, Li Y Q, Zhou L, Li C, Ou Q D, Chen J D, Shen S, Tang J X 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 203
[54]	Tsai M A, Yu P C, Chiu C H, Kuo H C, Lu T C, Lin S H 2010 IEEE Photonic. Tech. L. 22 12
[55]	Jeong S M, Ha N Y, Takezoe H, Nishimura S 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 506
[56]	Zhou D Y, Shi X B, Gao C H, Cai S D, Jin Y, Liao L S 2014 Appl. Surf. Sci. 314 858
[57]	Hu J, Yu Y, Jiao B, Ning S, Dong H, Hou X, Zhang Z, Wu Z 2016 Org. Electron. 31 234
[58]	Schwab T, Fuchs C, Scholz R, Zakhidov A, Leo K, Gather M C 2014 Opt. Express 22 7524
[59]	Chen S, Zhao Z, Tang B Z, Kwok H S 2012 Org. Electron. 13 1996
[60]	Riedel B, Hauss J, Aichholz M, Gall A, Lemmer U, Gerken M 2010 Org. Electron. 11 1172
[61]	Song H J, Han J, Lee G, Sohn J, Kwon Y, Choi M, Lee C 2018 Org. Electron. 52 230
[62]	Niesen B, Rand B P, van Dorpe P, Cheyns D, Tong L, Dmitriev A, Heremans P 2013 Adv. Energy Mater. 3 145
[63]	Lee C, Han K H, Kim K H, Kim J J 2016 Opt. Express 24 A488
[64]	Chen K Y, Chang Y T, Ho Y H, Lin H Y, Lee J H, Wei M K 2010 Opt. Express 18 3238
[65]	Park J M, Gan Z, Leung W Y, Liu R, Ye Z, Constant K, Shinar J, Shinar R, Ho K M 2011 Opt. Express 19 A786
[66]	Hwang J H, Park T H, Lee H J, Choi K B, Park Y W, Ju B K 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 4182
[67]	Thomschke M, Reineke S, Lssem B, Leo K 2012 Nano Lett. 12 424
[68]	Joo C W, Lee K, Lee J, Cho H, Shin J W, Cho N S, Moon J 2017 J. Lumin. 187 433
[69]	Kim Y Y, Park J J, Ye S J, Hyun W J, Im H G, Bae B S, Park O O 2016 RSC Adv. 6 65450
[70]	Xiang H Y, Li Y Q, Zhou L, Xie H J, Li C, Ou Q D, Chen L S, Lee C S, Lee S T, Tang J X 2015 ACS Nano 9 7553
[71]	Liu B, Wang L, Xu M, Tao H, Gao D, Zou J, Lan L, Ning H, Peng J, Cao Y 2014 J. Mater. Chem. C 2 9836
[72]	Ding L, Wang L W, Zhou L, Zhang F H 2016 Appl. Surf. Sci. 389 990
[73]	Kim K H, Park S Y 2016 Org. Electron. 36 103
[74]	Schaefer T, Schwab T, Lenk S, Gather M C 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107
[75]	Liu R, Ye Z, Park J M, Cai M, Chen Y, Ho K M, Shinar R, Shinar J 2011 Opt. Express 19 A1272
[76]	Go H, Koh T W, Jung H, Park C Y, Ha T W, Kim E M, Kang M H, Yong H K, Yun C 2017 Org. Electron. 47 117
[77]	Pyo B, Joo C W, Kim H S, Kwon B H, Lee J I, Lee J, Suh M C 2016 Nanoscale 8 8575
[78]	Lim B W, Suh M C 2014 Nanoscale 6 14446
[79]	Lee K M, Fardel R, Zhao L, Arnold C B, Rand B P, Lee K M, Fardel R, Zhao L, Arnold C B, Rand B P 2017 Org. Electron. 51 471
[80]	Jeong S M, Takezoe H 2012 Effect of Photonic Structures in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes-Light Extraction and Polarization Characteristics (INTECH Open Access Publisher) pp66--67
[81]	Kwok H S, Chen S 2010 Opt. Express 18 37
[82]	Zhou J, Ai N, Wang L, Zheng H, Luo C, Jiang Z, Yu S, Cao Y, Wang J 2011 Org. Electron. 12 648
[83]	Lee I, Park J Y, Gim S, Ham J, Son J H, Lee J L 2015 Small 11 4480
[84]	Riedel B, Shen Y X, Hauss J, Aichholz M, Tang X C, Lemmer U, Gerken M 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 740
[85]	Park Y, Muller-Meskamp L, Vandewal K, Leo K 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108
[86]	Liang H, Zhu R, Dong Y, Wu S T, Li J, Wang J, Zhou J 2015 Opt. Express 23 12910
[87]	Chang C H, Chang K Y, Lo Y J, Chang S J, Chang H H 2012 Org. Electron. 13 1073
[88]	Chang C H, Chang T F, Liang Y H, Lo Y J, Wu Y J, Chang H H 2016 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 55
[89]	Chang H W, Lee J, Hofmann S, Yong H K, Mllermeskamp L, Lssem B, Wu C C, Leo K, Gather M C 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 234
[90]	Joo C W, Shin J W, Moon J, Huh J W, Cho D H, Lee J, Park S K, Cho N S, Han J H, Chu H Y, Lee J I 2016 Org. Electron. 29 72
[91]	Lee K, Shin J W, Park J H, Lee J, Joo C W, Lee J I, Cho D H, Lim J T, Oh M C, Ju B K 2016 ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces 8 17409
[92]	Jin H K, Han J W, Dong J L, Entifar S A N, Ramadhan Z R, Lim K T, Yong H K 2017 Org. Electron. 54 204
[93]	Yuan S, Hao Y, Miao Y, Sun Q, Li Z, Cui Y, Wang H, Xu B 2017 RSC Adv. 7 43987
[94]	To B D, Yu C C, Ho J R, Kan H C, Hsu C C 2018 Org. Electron. 53 160
[95]	Shi J, Wang L, Li L, Luo Y, Ding Y 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 2394
[96]	Wang R, Xu L H, Li Y Q, Zhou L, Li C, Ou Q D, Chen J D, Shen S, Tang J X 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 203
[97]	Ou Q D, Xu L H, Zhang W Y, Li Y Q, Zhang Y B, Zhao X D, Chen J D, Tang J X 2016 Opt. Express 24 A674
[98]	Cho H, Kim E, Moon J, Joo C W, Kim E, Park S K, Lee J, Yu B G, Lee J I, Yoo S 2017 Org. Electron. 46 139
[99]	Lee C, Kim J J 2013 Small 9 3858
[100]	Hobson P A, Wedge S, Wasey J A E, Sage I, Barnes W L 2002 Adv. Mater. 14 1393
[101]	Koo W H, Jeong S M, Nishimura S, Araoka F, Ishikawa K, Toyooka T, Takezoe H 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 1003
[102]	Bai Y, Feng J, Liu Y F, Song J F, Simonen J, Jin Y, Chen Q D, Zi J, Sun H B 2011 Org. Electron. 12 1927
[103]	Jin Y, Feng J, Zhang X L, Bi Y G, Bai Y, Chen L, Lan T, Liu Y F, Chen Q D, Sun H B 2012 Adv. Mater. 24 1187
[104]	Jiao B, Yu Y, Dai Y, Hou X, Wu Z 2015 Opt. Express 23 4055
[105]	Kim D H, Kim J Y, Kim D Y, Han J H, Choi K C 2014 Org. Electron. 15 3183
[106]	Xu L H, Ou Q D, Li Y Q, Zhang Y B, Zhao X D, Xiang H Y, Chen J D, Zhou L, Lee S T, Tang J X 2016 ACS Nano 10 1625
[107]	Zhang Y B, Ou Q D, Li Y Q, Chen J D, Zhao X D, Wei J, Xie Z Z, Tang J X 2017 Opt. Express 25 15662
[108]	Park B, Jeon H G 2011 Opt. Express 19 A1117

[1]	彭腾, 王辉耀, 赵茜, 刘俊宏, 汪波, 王晶晶, 周银琼, 张可怡, 杨俊, 熊祖洪. 电子注入层迁移率对Rubrene/C₆₀基发光二极管半带隙开启电压的调控. , 2024, 73(21): 217202. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240864
[2]	任兴, 于宏宇, 张勇. 基于BCPO发光材料近紫外有机发光二极管的电致发光效率与稳定性. , 2024, 73(4): 047801. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20231301
[3]	保希, 关云霞, 李万娇, 宋家一, 陈丽佳, 徐爽, 彭柯敖, 牛连斌. 载流子阶梯效应调控有机发光二极管三线态激子的解离和散射. , 2023, 72(21): 217101. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230851
[4]	成燕琴, 徐娟娟, 王有娣, 黎卓熹, 陈江山. 一种苯乙烯基喹啉衍生物的稳态和瞬态光电性质. , 2022, 71(1): 018501. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20211171
[5]	成燕琴, 徐娟娟, 王有娣, 黎卓熹, 陈江山. 一种苯乙烯基喹啉衍生物的稳态和瞬态光电性质研究. , 2021, (): . doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20211171
[6]	弓志娜, 云峰, 丁文, 张烨, 郭茂峰, 刘硕, 黄亚平, 刘浩, 王帅, 冯仑刚, 王江腾. 光致电化学法提高垂直结构发光二极管出光效率的研究. , 2015, 64(1): 018501. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.018501
[7]	张雅男, 王俊锋. 利用发光层梯度掺杂改善顶发射白光有机发光二极管光谱的稳定性. , 2015, 64(9): 097801. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.097801
[8]	黄迪, 徐征, 赵谡玲. 使用PTB7作为阳极修饰层提高有机发光二极管的性能. , 2014, 63(2): 027301. doi: 10.7498/aps.63.027301
[9]	刘佰全, 兰林锋, 邹建华, 彭俊彪. 具有新型双空穴注入层的有机发光二极管. , 2013, 62(8): 087302. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.087302
[10]	岳庆炀, 孔凡敏, 李康, 赵佳. 基于缺陷光子晶体结构的GaN基发光二极管光提取效率的有关研究. , 2012, 61(20): 208502. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.208502
[11]	张勇, 刘亚莉, 焦威, 陈林, 熊祖洪. 有机发光器件的磁电导效应. , 2012, 61(11): 117106. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.117106
[12]	焦威, 雷衍连, 张巧明, 刘亚莉, 陈林, 游胤涛, 熊祖洪. 有机发光二极管的光致磁电导效应. , 2012, 61(18): 187305. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.187305
[13]	陈平, 赵理, 段羽, 程刚, 赵毅, 刘式墉. 一种用于堆叠结构有机发光二极管的新的电荷生成层. , 2011, 60(9): 097203. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.097203
[14]	刘南柳, 艾娜, 胡典钢, 余树福, 彭俊彪, 曹镛, 王坚. 旋涂方式对有机发光显示屏发光均匀性及性能的影响. , 2011, 60(8): 087805. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.087805
[15]	杨洋, 陈淑芬, 谢军, 陈春燕, 邵茗, 郭旭, 黄维. 有机发光二极管光取出技术研究进展. , 2011, 60(4): 047809. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.047809
[16]	程萍, 高峰, 陈向东, 杨继平. 偏置电场对聚对苯乙烯激发态弛豫特性的影响. , 2010, 59(4): 2831-2835. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.2831
[17]	张勇, 刘荣, 雷衍连, 陈平, 张巧明, 熊祖洪. 基于Alq3的有机发光二极管的磁电导效应. , 2010, 59(8): 5817-5822. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.5817
[18]	李春, 彭俊彪, 曾文进. 新型TPBI/Ag阴极结构的红色有机发光二极管. , 2009, 58(3): 1992-1996. doi: 10.7498/aps.58.1992
[19]	张秀龙, 杨盛谊, 娄志东, 侯延冰. 有机电致发光器件的动态电学特性. , 2007, 56(3): 1632-1636. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.1632
[20]	王军, 魏孝强, 饶海波, 成建波, 蒋亚东. 基于铱配合物材料的高效高稳定性有机发光二极管. , 2007, 56(2): 1156-1161. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.1156

计量

文章访问数: 7859
PDF下载量: 267
被引次数: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

搜索

留言板