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作为近年来新发现的非常规超导体，重费米子化合物二碲化铀（ UTe2）因被认为存在自旋三重态超导配对、高场再入超导相和新奇量子临界特征而受到广泛关注.然而，不同的样品质量导致该体系的实验研究结果呈现出明显的差异甚至矛盾。关于是否多组分超导序参量、是否时间反演对称性破缺和多个场致超导相是否相同起源等关键问题，学界争议激烈，严重阻碍了对该体系本征超导配对机制的深度认识和理解.本文总结了UTe2的单晶生长方法研究进展，包括化学气相输运法、熔盐助熔剂法、碲助熔剂法和熔盐助熔剂液体输运法，并梳理了生长条件对样品超导性和结晶质量的影响，最后进行了总结和展望.As a recently discovered unconventional superconductor, the heavy fermion compound UTe2 has garnered significant attention due to its potential spin-triplet superconducting pairing, high-field re-entrant superconducting phases, and unique quantum critical characteristics. However, experimental results on this system exhibit significant variations and contradictions, primarily due to differences in sample quality. Key unresolved issues include whether the system exhibits multi-component superconducting order parameters, whether time-reversal symmetry is spontaneously broken, and whether multiple field-induced superconducting phases share a common origin. These controversies have hindered an in-depth understanding of the intrinsic superconducting pairing mechanism in the UTe2 system.
This paper reviews recent advances in single-crystal growth methods for UTe2, including chemical vapor transport (CVT), Te-flux, molten salt flux (MSF), and molten salt flux liquid transport (MSFLT). We systematically analyze how growth conditions influence superconductivity and crystal quality. Although the CVT method was initially employed in UTe2 studies, the samples grown by this method exhibit poor quality and significant compositional inhomogeneity, even within individual samples. Consequently, the CVT method has been progressively supplanted by the recently developed MSF method. In contrast, the MSF and MSFLT methods yield high-quality UTe2 single crystals with Tc as high as 2.1 K and RRR reaching up to 1000; however, the sample sizes are smaller compared to those grown by the CVT and Te-flux methods. Notably, MSF-grown samples occasionally contain magnetic impurities such as U7Te12, necessitating careful screening during sample collection. MSFLT combines the advantages of both CVT and MSF methods, enabling the growth of high-quality UTe2 single crystals while also producing larger sample sizes than MSF. Our findings highlight the importance of optimizing growth parameters such as the Te/U ratio, temperature gradients, and cooling rates. For instance, lower growth temperatures and precise control of the Te/U ratio significantly enhance Tc and sample quality. High-quality MSF and MSFLT samples have resolved several controversies, including clarifying the single-component nature of the superconducting order parameter and confirming the absence of time-reversal symmetry breaking in optimized samples.
In conclusion, this review underscores the pivotal role of advanced single-crystal growth techniques in advancing the study of UTe2. Future research should focus on utilizing these high-quality UTe2 samples grown by MSF and MSFLT methods to accurately determine superconducting order parameters, elucidate mechanisms behind high-field re-entrant superconducting phases, and explore topological properties, such as potential Majorana fermions. These efforts will deepen our understanding of unconventional superconductivity, spin fluctuations, and quantum critical phenomena in UTe2 system.-
Keywords:
- UTe2 /
- unconventional superconductivity /
- chemical vapor transport method /
- molten salt flux method
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