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现有量子密钥分发系统的光源主要是弱相干态光源，但是由于该类光源中含有大量的真空态脉冲，并且在光源调制过程中可能存在一定信息泄露，从而限制了量子密钥分发系统的最远安全传输距离。为克服这一局限，本文提出了一种基于监控标记单光子源的量子密钥分发协议。一方面，通过借助标记单光子源中极低的真空态概率，提升了系统的极限传输距离；另一方面，我们在系统发射端添加了Hong-Ou-Mandel（HOM）光源监控模块，通过测量HOM干涉可见度的大小来精确刻画出源端可能泄露信息量的大小，从而更加准确地估算出系统可提取密钥率的大小。此外，将本工作与其他同类协议进行了数值仿真对比，仿真结果显示，本协议在传输距离和密钥率等方面具有更加优越的性能。因此，本工作为未来发展更安全可靠的量子通信网络提供了重要的参考价值。The security of quantum key distribution (QKD) is based on the basic principles of quantum mechanics, and it thus has unconditional security in theory. In existing quantum key distribution systems, weak coherent sources (WCS) are often utilized as light sources, resulting in limited transmission distances, due to a high probability of vacuum pulses in these sources. Besides, there inevitably exist equipment defects in practical QKD systems, e.g., the phase modulator and intensity modulator have certain defects, causing distinguishability in higher dimensions of quantum states, and resulting in side-channel vulnerabilities. An eavesdropper can carry out corresponding attacks, and thus threaten practical security of QKD systems.
To overcome the above limitations, we propose an improved protocol on quantum key distribution based on monitoring heralded single-photon sources. Due to the simultaneity of parametric down-conversion photon pairs, we can precisely herald the arriving of one photon, by measuring the arrival time of another one. Through this way, we can greatly reduce the probability of vacuum states in the signal light, and increase the longest transmission distance of the QKD system. Moreover, a light source monitoring module is inserted into the sender’s side. By randomly select certain period to measure the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between the signal light and the idle light through the source monitoring module, we can estimate the side-channel information leakage of the source, and then obtain the key generation rate.
Compared with the QKD protocol based on monitoring weak coherent sources, our present work can give a better performance in either the transmission distance or the key generation rate, especially when the interference error is large. In addition, in principle, our present work can also be extended to other quantum key distribution protocols, such as the measurement-device-independent protocols, to further improve the security and practicability of QKD systems. Therefore, our present work can provide valuable references for the large-scale application of quantum communication networks in the near future.-
Keywords:
- Quantum key distribution /
- Hong-Ou-Mandel interference /
- Source monitoring /
- Heralded single-photon source
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