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超声背散射法已逐渐应用于骨质的评价与诊断. 相比于人体软组织, 致密多孔的骨组织中超声衰减大, 导致接收到的超声信号微弱, 频散失真严重. 骨组织的超声频散衰减通常由超声透射法测量. 然而, 透射法测量的超声衰减为传播路径上组织介质衰减的平均值, 无法区分软组织、皮质骨及松质骨的衰减效应, 无法测量感兴趣区域内松质骨组织的超声衰减. 本文旨在研究松质骨超声频散衰减的背散射测量方法, 分析补偿超声背散射信号频散失真的可行性. 离体测量16块松质骨样本的超声背散射与透射信号(中心频率1 MHz). 采用四种背散射方法(谱移法、谱差法、谱对数差法和混合法)测量松质骨超声频散衰减系数, 与超声透射法测量的频散衰减标准值进行对比. 结果表明, 骨样本超声频散衰减范围为2.3—6.2 dB/mm/MHz, 透射法测量的超声频散衰减(均值 ± 方差)为(4.14 ± 1.14) dB/mm/MHz; 谱移法、谱差法、谱对数差法和混合法测量的频散衰减(均值 ± 方差)分别为(3.88 ± 1.15) dB/mm/MHz, (4.00 ± 0.98) dB/mm/MHz, (3.77 ± 0.84) dB/mm/MHz, (4.05 ± 0.85) dB/mm/MHz. 背散射法测量的频散衰减系数与标准值有较高的相关性(R = 0.78—0.92, p < 0.01), 其中, 谱差法(R = 0.91, p < 0.01)和混合法(R = 0.92, p < 0.01)测量结果更准确(相对误差小于20%). 以上结果说明背散射法测量松质骨超声频散衰减具有可行性, 基于傅里叶变换-逆变换原理可以补偿背散射信号频散衰减失真, 显著提高信号强度, 有利于后续超声背散射骨质评价及成像研究.Ultrasonic backscatter has been gradually applied to the assessment and diagnosis of bone disease. The heavy frequency-dependent attenuation of ultrasound results in weak ultrasonic signals with poor signal-to-noise ratio and serious wave distortions during propagation in cancellous bone. Ultrasonic attenuation measured with the through-transmission method is an averaged result of ultrasonically interrogated tissues (including the soft tissue, cortical bone and cancellous bone). Therefore, the through-transmission measurements can not accurately provide ultrasonic attenuation of cancellous bone of interest. The purpose of this study is to estimate ultrasonic frequency-dependent attenuation with ultrasonic backscatter measurements and to compensate for the frequency-dependent attenuation in an ultrasonic backscatter signal from cancellous bone. In-vitro ultrasonic backscatter and through-transmission measurements are performed on 16 cancellous bone specimens by using 1.0-MHz transducers. Spatial scans are performed in a 10 mm × 10 mm scanned region with a spatial interval of 0.5 mm for each bone specimen. The frequency slope of ultrasonic attenuation is measured with the ultrasonic through-transmission signals serving as a standard value. Four different algorithms (the spectral shift method, the spectral difference method, the spectral log difference method, and the hybrid method) are used to estimate the frequency slope of ultrasonic attenuation coefficient from ultrasonic backscatter signal. The results show that the frequency-dependent attenuation coefficient ranges from 2.3 dB/mm/MHz to 6.2 dB/mm/MHz for the bovine bone specimens. The through-transmission measured frequency slope of ultrasonic attenuation coefficient is (4.14 ± 1.14) dB/mm/MHz (mean ± standard deviation), and frequency slopes of ultrasonic attenuation coefficient are estimated by four backscattering methods to be (3.88 ± 1.15) dB/mm/MHz, (4.00 ± 0.98) dB/mm/MHz, (3.77 ± 0.84) dB/mm/MHz, and (4.05 ± 0.85) dB/mm/MHz, respectively. The estimated frequency-dependent attenuation is significantly correlated with the standard attenuation value (R = 0.78－0.92, p < 0.01), in which the spectral difference method (R = 0.91, p < 0.01) and the hybrid method (R = 0.92, p < 0.01) are more accurate with an estimated error less than 20%. The results prove that it is feasible to measure the frequency-dependent attenuation from ultrasonic backscatter signal of cancellous bone. Based on Fourier transform-inverse Fourier transform, the frequency-dependent attenuation can be compensated.The compensated ultrasonic signals are with significantly improved signal intensity and improved signal-to-noise ratio. This study is conducive to the subsequent ultrasonic backscatter measurement and ultrasonic imaging of cancellous bone.
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Keywords:
- ultrasonic backscatter /
- bone evaluation /
- frequency-dependent attenuation /
- attenuation compensation
[1] 王牧 1997 临床医学影像杂志 8 87
Wang M 1997 J. Chin. Clin. Med. Imaging 8 87
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[3] 他得安, 王威琪 2013 应用声学 32 199
Ta D A, Wang W Q 2013 Appl. Acoust. 32 199
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图 2 松质骨样本的超声背散射信号(ROI, 感兴趣区域)
Fig. 2. Backscatter signal of cancellous bone sample (ROI, region of interest).
图 3 频散衰减系数测量值与透射法频散衰减标准值的关系 (a)谱移法; (b)谱差法; (c)谱对数差法; (d)混合法
Fig. 3. Relationship between the measured frequency-dependent attenuation and the standard frequency-dependent attenuation: (a) the spectral shift method; (b) the spectral difference method; (c) the spectral log difference method; (d) the hybrid method.
图 4 频散衰减补偿后的松质骨超声背散射信号
Fig. 4. Frequency-dependent attenuation compensated signal from cancellous bone.
表 1 频散衰减系数测量结果
Table 1. Frequency-dependent attenuation coefficient measurement results.
样本编号 透射标准值/dB·mm–1·MHz–1 背散射法测量值(相对误差)/dB·mm–1·MHz–1 (%) 谱移法 谱差法 谱对数差法 混合法 1 2.30 2.74 (19.1) 2.82 (22.4) 2.77 (20.3) 2.67 (16.2) 2 2.63 2.49 (–5.3) 2.85(8.3) 3.13 (19.3) 2.97 (13.1) 3 2.82 2.39 (–15.3) 2.97 (5.2) 2.78 (–1.4) 3.29 (16.6) 4 3.06 3.04 (–0.6) 2.77 (–9.4) 3.02 (–1.4) 3.02 (–1.3) 5 3.10 2.95 (–4.6) 2.84 (–8.3) 3.39 (9.5) 3.12 (0.8) 6 3.30 2.96 (–10.3) 3.38 (2.3) 2.99 (-9.4) 3.35 (1.7) 7 4.14 2.93 (–29.2) 3.94 (–4.9) 4.21 (1.5) 4.32 (4.3) 8 4.30 3.06 (–28.9) 4.75 (10.5) 3.58 (–16.7) 3.61 (–16.0) 9 4.37 4.80 (9.8) 3.89 (–11.0) 3.66 (–16.2) 4.75 (8.7) 10 4.37 5.10 (–16.9) 4.19 (–4.2) 3.36 (–23.1) 4.25 (–2.7) 11 4.52 3.89 (–13.9) 4.35 (–3.7) 3.87 (–14.3) 4.79 (6.0) 12 4.83 5.35 (10.9) 4.19 (–13.2) 4.53 (–6.1) 4.69 (–2.7) 13 5.29 4.42 (–16.5) 5.68 (7.3) 6.08 (14.9) 5.18 (–2.0) 14 5.50 5.18 (–5.8) 4.38 (–20.0) 4.19 (–23.8) 5.00 (–9.0) 15 5.64 4.73 (–16.2) 5.75 (1.9) 3.96 (–29.9) 5.08 (–9.9) 16 6.19 6.02 (–2.8) 5.25 (–15.3) 4.79 (–22.6) 4.76 (–23.1) 平均值 (标准差) 4.14 (1.14) 3.88 (1.15) 4.00 (0.98) 3.77 (0.84) 4.05 (0.85) 
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[1] 王牧 1997 临床医学影像杂志 8 87
Wang M 1997 J. Chin. Clin. Med. Imaging 8 87
[2] Hqrrar K, Hamami L, Lespessailles E, Jennane R 2013 Biomed. Signal Process. 8 657
Google Scholar
[3] 他得安, 王威琪 2013 应用声学 32 199
Ta D A, Wang W Q 2013 Appl. Acoust. 32 199
[4] Liu C C, Ta D A, Wang W Q, Fujita F, Hachiken T, Matsukawa M, Mizuno K 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 115 064906
Google Scholar
[5] Zhang R, Ta D A, Liu C C, Chen C 2013 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 39 1751
Google Scholar
[6] Liu C C, Tang T, Xu F, Ta D A, Matsukawa M, Hu B, Wang W Q 2015 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 41 2714
Google Scholar
[7] 刘珍黎, 宋亮华, 白亮, 许凯亮, 他得安 2017 66 154303
Google Scholar
Liu Z L, Song L H, Bai L, Xu K L, Ta D A 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 154303
Google Scholar
[8] 张正罡, 他得安 2012 61 134304
Google Scholar
Zhang Z G, Ta D A 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 134304
Google Scholar
[9] Xu K L, Liu C C, Ta D A 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBC Osaka, Japan July 3−7, 1930 p13812291
[10] 张锐 2000 49 1297
Google Scholar
Zhang R 2000 Acta Phys. Sin. 49 1297
Google Scholar
[11] 赵贵敏, 陆明珠, 万明习, 方莉 2009 58 6596
Google Scholar
Zhao G M, Lu M Z, Wan M X, Fang L 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 6596
Google Scholar
[12] Wear K A 2008 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 55 1432
Google Scholar
[13] Liu C C, Ta D A, Wang W Q 2014 Chin. J. Acoust. 33 73
Google Scholar
[14] Liu C C, Han H J, Ta D A, Wang W Q 2013 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 56 1310
[15] Liu C C, Ta D A, Hu B, Li H L, Wang W Q 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 116 124903
Google Scholar
[16] Wear K A 2007 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121 2431
Google Scholar
[17] He P, Greenleaf J F 1986 J. Accoust. Soc. Am. 79 526
Google Scholar
[18] Goutam G, Michael L O 2012 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 132 533
Google Scholar
[19] Parker K J, Waag R C 1983 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME 30 431
[20] Kim H,Varghese T 2007 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 54 510
Google Scholar
[21] Labyed Y, Bigelow T A 2010 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128 3232
Google Scholar
[22] Flax S W, Pelc N J, Glover G H, Gutmann F D, McLachlan M 1983 Ultrason. Imag. 5 95
Google Scholar
[23] Kuc R 1984 IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process. 32 1
[24] Insana M, Zagzebski J, Madsen E 1983 Ultrason. Imag. 5 331
Google Scholar
[25] Kim H, Varghese T 2008 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 34 1808
Google Scholar
[26] Labyed Y, Bigelow T A 2011 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129 2316
[27] Langton C M, Palmer S B, Porter R W 1984 Eng. Med. 13 89
Google Scholar
[28] Prins S H, Jùrgensen H L, Jùrgensen L V, Hassager C 1998 Clin. Physiol. 18 3
[29] Leeman S, Ferrari L, Jones J P, Fink M 1984 IEEE Trans. Son. Ultrason. 31 352
Google Scholar
[30] Liu C C, Dong R, Li B Y, Li Y, Xu F, Ta D A, Wang W Q 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 024302
Google Scholar
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