超冷费米气体的膨胀动力学研究新进展

刁鹏鹏; 邓书金; 李芳; 武海斌

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20182293

摘要

多体系统的非平衡动力学演化是当前物理学中最具挑战性的问题之一. 超冷量子费米原子气体具有较强的可控性, 是研究多体非平衡动力学的理想系统, 可以用来模拟和理解大爆炸后的早期宇宙、重离子碰撞中产生的夸克-胶子以及核物理等动力学. 一般多体系统演化是非常复杂的, 往往需要利用对称性来研究. 利用Feshbach共振可以制备标度不变的费米原子气体: 无相互作用和幺正费米量子气体. 当远离平衡态时, 可利用普适的指数和函数来刻画, 其动力学可以通过对系统的时空演化进行标度变换来识别. 本文主要介绍近年来强相互作用超冷费米气体的膨胀动力学研究进展, 包括原子气体的各向异性展开、标度动力学和Efimovian膨胀动力学.

关键词:

Abstract

The evolution of non-equilibrium dynamic for many-body systems is one of the most challenging problems in physics. Ultra-cold quantum atomic Fermi gas provide an test-bed for studying many-body non-equilibrium dynamics due to its high freedom of controllability, which can be used to simulate and understand the dynamics of the early universe after the Big Bang, quark-gluon produced in heavy ion collisions and nuclear physics. Generally, the evolution of many-body systems is very complex, and usually needs to be studied by symmetry. Feshbach resonance can be used to prepare scale invariant atomic Fermi gases: non-interacting and unitary Fermi gases. When far away from equilibrium state, universal exponents and functions can be used to characterize the dynamics of the system, which can be identified by scaling the temporal and spatial evolution of the system. In this review, the recent developments in the expansion dynamics of strongly interacting ultracold Fermi gases are introduced, including the anisotropic expansion of atomic gases, scaling dynamics and Efimovian expansion dynamics.

Keywords:

strongly-interacting ultracold Fermi gas /
Feshbach resonance /
anisotropic expansions /
scale invariance /
Efimovian expansion dynamics

作者及机构信息

华东师范大学, 精密光谱科学与技术国家重点实验室, 上海　200062

通信作者: 武海斌, hbwu@phy.ecnu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(批准号：2017YFA0304201)、国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11734008, 11374101, 91536112, 116214040)、上海市优秀学术带头人(批准号：17XD1401500)和上海市基础研究重大研究计划(批准号：17JC1400500)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China

Corresponding author: Wu Hai-Bin, hbwu@phy.ecnu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0304201), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.11734008, 11374101, 91536112, 116214040), the Excellent Leaders of Disciplines in Science of Shanghai, China (Grant No. 17XD1401500), and the Basic Research Program of Shanghai, China (Grant No. 17JC1400500).

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参考文献

[1]	DeMarco B, Jin D S 1999 Science 285 1703 Google Scholar
[2]	O’Hara K M, Hemmer S L, Gehm M E, Granade S R, Thomas J E 2002 Science 298 2179 Google Scholar
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[22]	Clancy B, Luo L, Thomas J E 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 140401 Google Scholar
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[28]	Guéry-Odelin D 2002 Phys. Rev. A 66 033613 Google Scholar
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[34]	Elliott E, Joseph J A, Thomas J E 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 040405 Google Scholar
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[37]	Braaten E, Hammer H W 2006 Phys. Rep. 428 259 Google Scholar
[38]	Braaten E, Hammer H W 2007 Ann. Phys. 322 120 Google Scholar
[39]	Gharashi S E, Blume D 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 063639 Google Scholar
[40]	Riedl S, Sánchez Guajardo E R, Kohstall C, Altmeyer A, Wright M J, Denschlag J H, Grimm R, Bruun G M, Smith H 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 053609 Google Scholar
[41]	Kinast J, Turlapov A, Thomas J E 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 170404 Google Scholar
[42]	Deng S, Diao P, Li F, Yu Q, Yu S, Wu H 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 125301 Google Scholar
[43]	Nishida, Moroz S, Son D T 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 235301 Google Scholar
[44]	Moroz S, Nishida Y 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 063631 Google Scholar
[45]	Ulmanis J, Häfner S, Kuhnle E D, Weidemüller M 2016 Nat. Sci. Rev. 3 174 Google Scholar
[46]	Shi Z, Qi R, Zhai H, Yu Z 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 050702 Google Scholar
[47]	Zhang L, Wen W, Ma X D, Wang Y 2018 Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 32 1850230 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 (a)强相互作用超冷费米气体的各向异性膨胀吸收成像图; (b)原子团不同方向的非平衡动力学膨胀行为; (c)不同相互作用下原子团的纵横比大小演化图^[2]

Fig. 1. (a)The absorption image of the anisotropic expansion dynamics in strongly interacting Fermi gas; (b) the non-equilibrium dynamical expansion behavior in different directions; (c) the evolution for the aspect ratio of the atomic cloud under different interaction regime^[2].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 幺正费米气体和无相互作用费米气体的标度不变展开动力学^[34]

Fig. 2. Scale invariant expansion of a resonantly interacting Fermi gas compared with the non-interacting Fermi gas^[34].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 Feshbach共振点附近费米气体膨胀动力学的对称性破缺行为, 从上到下依次为BCS区域、幺正区域和BEC区域^[34]

Fig. 3. Conformal symmetry breaking in the expansion for a Fermi gas near a Feshbach resonance. Top: BCS region; Center: unitary region; Bottom: BEC region^[34].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 Efimovian膨胀动力学示意图　(a), (b)原子气体所处谐振子阱频率的变化过程; (c)Efimovian 膨胀动力学的理论预测; (d), (e)分别代表无相互作用费米气体和强相互作用费米气体的Efimovian 膨胀动力学的实验观测结果^[16]

Fig. 4. The Efimovian expansion dynamics: (a) and (b) are the evolution of the harmonic trap frequency; (c) the prediction of the Efimovian expansion dynamics; (d) and (e) are the experimental observation of the Efimovian expansion in non-interacting Fermi gas and unitary Fermi gas respectively^[16].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 Efimovian膨胀动力学的普适性　(a) Efimovian 膨胀动力学与原子间相互作用的关系; (b) Efimovian 膨胀动力学与原子数目、温度间的关系; (c), (d)无量纲化后的普适Efimovian 动力学膨胀图^[16]

Fig. 5. The universality of the Efimovian expansion dynamics: (a) The Efimovian expansion with different interaction regime; (b) the Efimovian expansion with different atoms' number and temperature; (c) and (d) are the universal dimensionless Efimovian expansions^[16].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 超级Efimovian 膨胀动力学实验结果　(a)和(c)分别表示幺正费米气体和无相互作用费米气体的超级Efimov 动力学效应; (b)和(d)表示在时间双对数标度下相应原子团大小的振荡行为^[42]

Fig. 6. The experimental observation of dynamical super Efimovian expansion. (a), (b) and (c), (d) are the mean axial cloud size versus the expansion time and the dimensionless axial mean square cloud size versus the dimensionless time in the unitary Fermi gas and ideal Fermi gas, respectively^[42].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 超级Efimovian 膨胀过程中的内能和势能在时间(a)及其双对数标度(b)下的变化示意图^[42]

Fig. 7. The axial potential (internal) energy ratio versus expansion time (a) and the axial energy scaling versus dimensionless time (b) for the super Efimovian expansion^[42].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

map

[1]	DeMarco B, Jin D S 1999 Science 285 1703 Google Scholar
[2]	O’Hara K M, Hemmer S L, Gehm M E, Granade S R, Thomas J E 2002 Science 298 2179 Google Scholar
[3]	Kinast J, Hemmer S L, Gehm M E, Turlapov A, Thomas J E 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 150402 Google Scholar
[4]	Bartenstein M, Altmeyer A, Riedl S, Jochim S, Chin C, Denschlag J H, Grimm R 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 203201 Google Scholar
[5]	Regal C A, Greiner M, Giorgini S, Holland M, Jin D S 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 250404 Google Scholar
[6]	Partridge G B, Strecker K E, Kamar R I, Jack M W, Hulet R G 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 020404 Google Scholar
[7]	Bartenstein M, Altmeyer A, Riedl S, Jochim S, Chin C, Denschlag J H, Grimm R 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 120401 Google Scholar
[8]	Zwierlein M W, Abo-Shaeer J R, Schirotzek A, Schunck C H, Ketterle W 2005 Nature 435 1047 Google Scholar
[9]	Liao Y, Rittner A, Paprotta T, Li W, Partridge G, Hulet R G, Baur S K, Mueller E J 2010 Nature 467 567 Google Scholar
[10]	Nguyen J H V, Luo D, Hulet R G 2017 Science 356 422 Google Scholar
[11]	Greif D, Parsons M F, Mazurenko A, Chiu C S, Blatt S, Huber F, Ji G, Greiner M 2016 Science 351 953 Google Scholar
[12]	Mazurenko A, Chiu C S, Ji G, Parsons M F, Kanasz-Nagy M, Schmidt R, Grusdt F, Demler E, Greif D, Greiner M 2017 Nature 545 462 Google Scholar
[13]	Hart R A, Duarte P M, Yang T, Liu X, Paiva T, Khatami E, Scalettar R T, Trivedi N, Huse D A, Hulet R G 2015 Nature 519 211 Google Scholar
[14]	Wang P, Yu Z, Fu Z, Miao J, Huang L, Chai S, Zhai H, Zhang J 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 095301 Google Scholar
[15]	Hoinka S, Lingham M, Delehaye M, Vale C J 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 050403 Google Scholar
[16]	Deng S, Shi Z, Diao P, Yu Q, Zhai H, Qi R, Wu H 2016 Science 353 371 Google Scholar
[17]	Lu M, Burdick N Q, Lev B L 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 215301 Google Scholar
[18]	Aikawa K, Frisch A, Mark M, Baier S, Grimm R, Ferlaino F 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 010404 Google Scholar
[19]	Ku M J, Sommer A T, Cheuk L W, Zwierlein M W 2012 Science 335 563 Google Scholar
[20]	Kinast J, Turlapov A, Thomas J E, Chen Q, Stajic J, Levin K 2005 Science 307 1296 Google Scholar
[21]	Nascimbéne S, Navon N, Jiang K J, Chevy F, Salomon C 2010 Nature 463 1057 Google Scholar
[22]	Clancy B, Luo L, Thomas J E 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 140401 Google Scholar
[23]	Kinnunen J, Rodríguez M, Törmä P 2004 Science 305 1131 Google Scholar
[24]	Chin C, Bartenstein M, Altmeyer A, Riedl S, Jochim S, Denschlag J H, Grimm R 2004 Science 305 1128 Google Scholar
[25]	Cao C, Elliott E, Joseph J, Wu H, Petricka J, Schäfer T, Thomas J E 2011 Science 331 58 Google Scholar
[26]	Bluhm M, Hou J, Schäfer T 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 065302 Google Scholar
[27]	Menotti C, Pedri P, Stringari S 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 250402 Google Scholar
[28]	Guéry-Odelin D 2002 Phys. Rev. A 66 033613 Google Scholar
[29]	Castin Y, Dum R 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 5315 Google Scholar
[30]	Kagan Y, Surkov E L, Shlyapnikov G 1996 Phys. Rev. A 54 R1753 Google Scholar
[31]	Ho T L 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 090402 Google Scholar
[32]	Makotyn P, Klauss C E, Goldberger D L, Cornell E A, Jin D S 2014 Nature Physics 10 116 Google Scholar
[33]	Bulgac A, Drut J E, Magierski P 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 120401 Google Scholar
[34]	Elliott E, Joseph J A, Thomas J E 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 040405 Google Scholar
[35]	Efimov V 1970 Phys. Lett. B 33 563 Google Scholar
[36]	Kraemer T, Mark M, Waldburger P, Danzl J G, Chin C, Engeser B, Lange A D, Pilch K, Jaakkola A, Nägerl H C, Grimm R 2006 Nature 440 315 Google Scholar
[37]	Braaten E, Hammer H W 2006 Phys. Rep. 428 259 Google Scholar
[38]	Braaten E, Hammer H W 2007 Ann. Phys. 322 120 Google Scholar
[39]	Gharashi S E, Blume D 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 063639 Google Scholar
[40]	Riedl S, Sánchez Guajardo E R, Kohstall C, Altmeyer A, Wright M J, Denschlag J H, Grimm R, Bruun G M, Smith H 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 053609 Google Scholar
[41]	Kinast J, Turlapov A, Thomas J E 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 170404 Google Scholar
[42]	Deng S, Diao P, Li F, Yu Q, Yu S, Wu H 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 125301 Google Scholar
[43]	Nishida, Moroz S, Son D T 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 235301 Google Scholar
[44]	Moroz S, Nishida Y 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 063631 Google Scholar
[45]	Ulmanis J, Häfner S, Kuhnle E D, Weidemüller M 2016 Nat. Sci. Rev. 3 174 Google Scholar
[46]	Shi Z, Qi R, Zhai H, Yu Z 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 050702 Google Scholar
[47]	Zhang L, Wen W, Ma X D, Wang Y 2018 Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 32 1850230 Google Scholar

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超冷费米气体的膨胀动力学研究新进展