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Torsion information is important for rotating systems, industrial monitoring, transportation engineering, and medical equipment. Optical fiber torsion sensors have significant advantages, such as immune to electromagnetic interference, small size, and light weight. Sagnac loop interferometer (SI) torsion sensors have attracted much attention due to their compact structure, high sensitivity, excellent stability, and low cost. However, their nonlinear response limits the measurement range, while the wide full width at half maximum and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) reduce the resolution of torsion sensors. To solve these problems, a fiber ring laser torsion sensor (FRLTS) based on homemade polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PM-PCF) is proposed in this work. The torsion sensor introduces a PM-PCF based SI into the erbium-doped fiber ring cavity as a filter and torsion sensor device. The interference spectrum of SI is derived by the transmission matrix method and simulated, and then the sensing principle of the sensor is obtained. Subsequently, the experimental system is set up to study the lasing output characteristics and torsion response of the FRLTS. By taking advantage of the narrow linewidth and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of fiber ring lasers, a high-resolution fiber torsion sensor is successfully obtained. The experimental results show that the maximum linear torsion measurement range of the sensor can be extended to 480° (from –260° to 220°), the maximum torsion sensitivity is 0.032 nm/(°), and the resolution is as high as 0.681°. Furthermore, in a temperature range from 20 ℃ to 95 ℃, the temperature-induced wavelength variation is only 4×10–3 nm/℃, corresponding to a torsion angle measurement error of 0.16(°)/℃. Compared with existing reports, its temperature stability is increased by 37.5 times, while the temperature-induced error in angle measurements is reduced by 9.375 times. The proposed FRLTS not only successfully achieves high-resolution and wide-range torsion sensing, but also effectively suppresses cross-sensitivity caused by temperature. Therefore, the torsion sensor has significant potential applications in fields such as aerospace and robotics where precise measurement of minute torsion angle is required in special environments.
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图 1 基于PM-PCF-SI的光纤环形激光器 (a) 自研PM-PCF扫描电镜端面图; (b) 基于SI的掺铒光纤环形激光器原理示意图
Figure 1. Fiber ring laser based on PM-PPCF-SI: (a) SEM diagram of the cross section of homemade PM-PCF; (b) schematic diagram of Erbium-doped fiber ring laser based on PM-PCF-SI.
图 2 SI滤波器的扭转响应光谱 (a) 滤波谱随扭转角度的变化(仿真); (b) 滤波器谐振峰波长随扭转角度的变化(仿真); (c) 滤波谱随扭转角度的变化(实验); (d) 滤波器谐振峰波长随扭转角度的变化(实验)
Figure 2. The torsion response spectrum of the SI filter: (a) Variation of the filter spectrum with the torsion angle (simulation); (b) variation of the peak wavelength of the filter with the torsion angle (simulation); (c) variation of the filter spectrum with the torsion angle (experiment); (d) variation of peak wavelength of the filter with torsion angle (experiment).
图 3 基于SI的激光器扭转传感器实验装置示意图
Figure 3. Schematic of the experimental device for the laser torsion sensor based on SI.
图 4 单波长激光输出及其稳定性 (a) 60 min内输出激光光谱; (b) 60 min内激光功率和波长随时间的变化
Figure 4. Single wavelength lasing output and output stability: (a) Single wavelength lasing output spectrum within 60 min; (b) the variation of laser power and wavelength within 60 mins.
图 5 基于PM-PCF-SI的激光器扭转传感器的扭转响应 (a) 不同扭转角度下的激光光谱; (b) 激光波长随扭转角度的变化
Figure 5. Torsion response of the laser torsion sensor based on PM-PCF-SI: (a) Laser spectra at different torsion angles; (b) the variation of laser wavelength with the torsion angle.
图 6 不同长度PM-PCF对应的激光调谐范围 (a) 47 cm; (b) 27 cm; (c) 15 cm
Figure 6. Corresponding output laser tuning range of different lengths of PM-PCF: (a) 47 cm; (b) 27 cm; (c) 15 cm.
图 7 顺时针施加扭转时, 激光输出波长随扭转角度的变化 (a) 输出激光峰值波长随扭转角度的变化情况; (b) 输出激光波长与扭转角度的关系
Figure 7. The variation of the lasing wavelength with torsion angle when torsion is applied along clockwise direction: (a) Variation of the output laser wavelength with the torsion angle; (b) the relationship between laser wavelength and torsion angle.
图 8 逆时针施加扭转时, 激光输出波长随扭转角度的变化 (a) 输出激光峰值波长随扭转角度的变化情况; (b) 激光波长与扭转角度的关系
Figure 8. The variation of the lasing wavelength with torsion angle when torsion is applied along counterclockwise direction: (a) Variation of the output laser wavelength with the torsion angle; (b) the relationship between laser wavelength and torsion angle.
图 9 顺时针及逆时针施加扭转时, 矢量扭转角度的测量 (a) 输出激光峰值波长随扭转角度的变化情况; (b) 激光波长与扭转角度的关系
Figure 9. Measurement of the vector torsion angle when torsion is applied clockwise and counterclockwise: (a) Variation of the output laser wavelength with the torsion angle; (b) the relationship between output laser wavelength and torsion angle.
图 10 扭转传感器的迟滞性
Figure 10. Hysteresis of the torsion sensor.
图 11 在20—95 ℃范围内扭转传感器的温度稳定性 (a) 输出激光光谱; (b) 输出激光波长随温度的波动
Figure 11. Temperature stability of the torsion sensor in the range from 20 ℃ to 95 ℃: (a) Output laser spectrum; (b) the fluctuation of the output laser wavelength with temperature.
表 1 各类型激光传感器性能对比
Table 1. Performance comparison of various types of laser sensors.
Type Structures Linear response range Sensitivity Resolution Direction Temperature
errorRefs. FRLTS LPG based FRLRS 47° (–23.5°—23.5°)
200 rad/m (–100—100 rad/m)0.0062 nm/(°)
0.084 nm/(rad/m)4.33°
0.12 rad/mYes — [27] PMF based FRLTS 300° (0°—300°) 0.043 nm/(°) 2.45° Yes — [19] Side-Polished MZI Fiber based FRLTS 160° (–80°—80°)
11.2 rad/m (–5.6 rad/m—5.6 rad/m)0.019 nm/(°)
0.27 nm(/rad/m)— Yes — [23] elliptical-core based FRLTS 340° (–340°—0°) 0.1 nm/(°) 0.43° Yes 1.5° [21] SSAF based FRLTS 380° (–380°—0°)
16.6 rad/m (–16.6 rad/m—0 rad/m)0.0625 nm/(°)
1.97 nm/(rad/m)4.73°
0.015 rad/mYes — [20] PM-PCF based FRLTS 480° (–260°—220°)
–16.8 rad/m—14.22 rad/m
(31.02 rad/m)0.032 nm/(°)
0.5 nm/(rad/m)0.681°
0.06 rad/mYes 0.16° This
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